A new species of Odontobuthus from Southern Iran

 

More Christmas species. Hossein Barahoei and Mehran Shahi just published a description of a new species of Odontobuthus Vachon, 1950 (Buthidae) from Southern Iran.

Odontobuthus persicus Barahoei & Shahi, 2024

The article has an updated identification key for the genus.

Abstract:
Odontobuthus Vachon, 1950, with nine described species, is a genus of digger scorpions in the Buthidae family, which can be distinguished by having large tooth-like processes on the ventrosubmedian carinae of the second and third metasomal segments. Morphological and molecular investigation of coastal specimens from the Hormozgan province in Iran led to the discovery of a new species named Odontobuthus persicus sp. nov. that is described here. It is closely related to O. chabaharensis morphologically. The new Odontobuthus species has two large and conical tooth-like processes on ventrosubmedian carinae of the second and third metasomal segments, while O. chabaharensis has three or four medium to large tooth-like processes. Based on phylogenetic analysis using partial COI sequences, the new species is placed as a sister taxon of O. brevidigitus. Genetic differences with the other species of Odontobuthus (mean = 0.107) confirmed the validity of this species.

Reference:
Barahoei H, Shahi M. New Species of the Digger Scorpions, Odontobuthus Vachon, 1950 (Buthidae) from Southern Iran. Zoological Studies. 2024;63(48). [Open Access]

Thanks to Kian for sharing this article with me!

Family Buthidae

Two new species in the genus Scorpio have been described from Southeastern Turkey

 

No Christmas holiday for scorpion news! Happy Seasons Greetings everyone! 

Ersen Yagmur and co-workers recently published an article describing two new species of Scorpio Linnaeus, 1758 (Scorpionidae) from Southeastern Turkey.

Scorpio karakurti Yagmur, 2024

Scorpio Sirnakensis Yagmur, 2024

Abstract:
Two new species, Scorpio karakurti sp.n. and S. sirnakensis sp.n. are described and illustrated from the Southеastеrn region of Turkey. S. karakurti sp.n. is detected from Batman and Diyarbakır provinces and can be distinguished from all species of the genus Scorpio by its higher pectinal teeth numbers, especially in males (10–11 in females and 11–15 in males). S. sirnakensis sp.n is detected from Şırnak province and can be distinguished by elongated chela and telson shape and genital operculum shape of females. The new species are compared with the known species of the genus Scorpio Linnaeus, 1758 in the Middle East.

Reference:
Yagmur EA, Hussen FS, Karakurt S, Kurt R, Sipahioglu Ö, Kartal I. Two new species of the genus Scorpio L., 1758 from Southеastеrn Turkey (Scorpiones: Scorpionidae). Arthropoda Selecta. 2024;33(4):559-89. [Open Access]

Thanks to Ersen for sending me their new article!

Family Scorpionidae

 

A new species of Scorpiops from Yunnan in China

 

Tonight, Victoria Tang published a description of a new species of Scorpiops Peters, 1861 (Scorpiopidae) from Yunnan, China.

Scorpiops reini Tang, 2024

In my opinion, a very beautiful and interesting scorpions, but then again I'm probably not objective when I'm writing this ;) 

Abstract:
Scorpiops reini sp. n. is described from Yingjiang County (Dehong Prefecture, Yunnan Province) based on an adult pair. It can be readily discriminated from all of its congeneric geographic neighbors in Yunnan, namely S. jendeki Kovařík, 1994, S. shidian (Zhu et al., 2005), S. tongtongi Tang, 2022, and S. zhangshuyuani (Ythier, 2019). Within Yunnan, it resembles S. validus (Di et al., 2010) and S. yangi (Zhu et al., 2007) most, but can be identified by its large median ocelli (relative to the width of ocular subislet), pedipalp chelal finger morphology and pectinal tooth count. Beyond Yunnan, it shows the highest similarity with S. beccaloniae (Kovařík, 2005), from which it distinguishes itself mainly by a different chelal morphology (weaker finger lobe and notch, longer and narrower manus with chelal carinae composed of smaller and denser granules). The validity of this new species is supported molecularly (to be published). The ocular islets are reviewed for all Yunnan Scorpiops.

Reference:
Tang V. Scorpiops reini sp. n. from Yunnan, China (Scorpiones: Scorpiopidae). Euscorpius. 2024(403):1-19.

A big thanks to Victoria for naming this species after me!

Family Scorpiopidae

An Algerian Buthus seen preying on a solifugid

 

Scorpions prey on a large variety of other invertebrates and even on some small vertebrates. Camel spiders (Solifugae) is another fierce arachnid predator inhabiting the same habitats as many scorpions. These two arachnids probably prey on each other when they have the opportunity. 

Noureddine Benali and co-workers recently published a case of natural predation on a solifugid by Buthus apiatus Lourenço, El Bouhissi & Sadine, 2020 (Buthidae) in North-western Algeria.

Abstract:
During nighttime in Aïn Deheb, Tiaret region (North-western Algeria). An adult female of the buthid scorpion Buthus apiatus Lourenço, El Bouhiss i& Sadine, 2020 was observed feeding on an adult Galeodessp.Such observation can contribute to the knowledge of the trophic ecology ofthis scorpion species.

Reference:
Benali N, Elkahar FMA, Boukhors AH. Natural case of predation on Camel spider (Arachnida: Solifugae) by the scorpion Buthus apiatus Lourenço, El Bouhissi & Sadine, 2020 (Arachnida: Scorpiones) in Tiaret, North-western Algeria. Revista Iberica de Arachnologia. 2024(45):159-60. [Open Access provided by author]

Thanks to Noureddine for sharing this article with me!

A new species in the genus Tityus from Colombia is also South America's first venom spraying scorpion

 

A very interesting article was recently published by Leo Laborieux. In this article he describes a new species of Tityus C. L. Koch, 1836 (Buthidae) from Colombia, which is the first venom spraying scorpion reported from South America.

Tityus achilles Laborieux, 2024

Venom spraying has been well documented for several scorpion species as a defense behavior and especially in the African genus Parabuthus (e.g. Parabuthus transvaalicus Purcell, 1899). Interestingly, the new species from Colombia seems to have to types of venom spraying that have different venom use: Flick and Spray. The article discusses the different behaviors and the use of prevenom (cheap) and venom (costly) in T. achilles and compares this to the existing research on venom spraying in Parabuthus. This article brings in new insight into the composition of scorpion venom(s) and the use of it.

Abstract:
Venom is a metabolically expensive secretion used sparingly in a variety of ecological contexts, most notably predation and defence. Accordingly, few animals employ their toxins from a distance, and venom-squirting behaviour is only known from select taxa. In scorpions, species belonging to two genera are known to spray venom when threatened, and previous work in Parabuthus transvaalicus shows that venom delivery depends on perceived levels of threat. Here, I describe Tityus (Tityus) achilles sp. nov., a new species of buthid scorpion from Cundinamarca, Colombia. Remarkably, this species is capable of venom spraying, a first for both the genus and the South American continent. Using frame-by-frame video analysis and ballistic equations, I show that T. (Tityus) achilles sp. nov. employs not one, but two types of airborne defences with dramatic differences in reach and venom expenditure. Further, the new species uses an unusually large reserve of prevenom-like secretion for spraying, as opposed to the costly venom used by other spraying scorpions. In light of these key specializations, I propose that toxungen spraying convergently evolved in response to different selection pressures, laying the groundwork for future investigation.

Reference:
Laborieux L. Biomechanics of venom delivery in South America’s first toxungen-spraying scorpion. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 2024;202(4):zlae161. [Full text supplied by author]

Thanks to Leo and Gerard for sending me this interesting article!

Family Buthidae

Four new species of Neobuthus described from Somaliland

 

In their ongoing study of the scorpion fauna of the Horn of Africa, Frantisek Kovarik and co-workers recently published a new article describing four new species of Neobuthus Hirst, 1911(Buthidae) from Somaliland.

 Neobuthus dhobo Kovarik, Elmi & Stahlavsky, 2024

 Neobuthus opatovae Kovarik, Elmi & Stahlavsky, 2024

 Neobuthus osoli Kovarik, Elmi & Stahlavsky, 2024

 Neobuthus verae Kovarik, Elmi & Stahlavsky, 2024

The article includes an updated identification key for the genus.

Abstract:
New information about taxonomy and distribution of the genus Neobuthus Hirst, 1911 is presented, based on material recently collected in Somaliland. Four new species are described, N. dhobo sp. n., N. opatovae sp. n., N. osoli sp. n., and N. verae sp. n (Somaliland). An updated distribution map of the genus Neobuthus is provided.

Reference:
Kovarik F, Elmi HSA, Stahlavsky F. Scorpions of the Horn of Africa (Arachnida, Scorpiones). Part XXXIV. Four new species of Neobuthus from Somaliland (Buthidae). Euscorpius. 2024(401):1-31. [Open Access]

Family Buthidae

A review of fossil scorpion higher systematics

 

The Scorpion Files doesn't include fossil scorpion taxa. I know this has been wanted by some, but so far I haven't had capacity to do this. Very recently, Jason Dunlop and Russell Garwood have published an impressive and thorough review of the higher systematics of fossil scorpions.

This paper has a detailed account of the history and development of fossil scorpion taxonomy. It also sums up today's status and comments on future research needs for this important area. A list of all currently known taxa is presented in an appendix. An analysis merging fossil and extant higher systematics is one of the tasks that will improve our understanding of scorpion evolution and systematics.

Abstract:
Scorpions (Arachnida: Scorpiones) are a diverse and widespread arachnid order with a rich and deep fossil record. Here we review the, sometimes complex, historical development of fossil scorpion higher classification. We present a chronological account of family and genus names, together with an overview of higher taxa as potential clade names. In 1884 Thorell & Lindström divided scorpions based on whether the legs were short and pointed (Apoxypoda) or ended in paired claws (Dionychopoda). Pocock in 1911 used the morphology of the ventral mesosomal sclerites, which could either be bilobed (Lobosterni) or of a modern configuration (Orthosterni). Petrunkevitch in 1949 attached importance to a putative first
opisthosomal tergite being present (Protoscorpionina) or absent (Euscorpionina). Kjellesvig-Waering in 1986 recognised four major groups (Holosternina, Meristosternina, Lobosternina and Bilobosternina) based on the shape of the ventral
mesosomal sclerites. The Stockwell/Jeram schemes from the 1980s and 1990s proposed a cladistic progression from early branching lineages, for which the names Protoscorpiones and Palaeoscorpiones were used, towards Scorpiones sensu stricto defined by the presence of book lungs and coxapophyses. Scorpiones was further divided into Mesoscorpionina and Neoscorpionina. Neoscorpions were characterised by a reduced number of lateral eye lenses and comprise the paleosterns, with
marginal lung spiracles, and orthosterns with spiracles in the middle of the sternite. We briefly discuss the merits of these alternatives and present a summary of the current higher classification of scorpions. Forty-three extinct family groups are
currently recognised, and of the 24 living families seven have fossil representatives. Including incertae sedis taxa, there are 76 extinct genera and five extant genera with fossil representatives. Both modern parvorders, Buthida and Iurida, were potentially
present in the Triassic. Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Chactidae and perhaps Hormuridae have been reported from the Cretaceous. Euscorpiidae are known from the Palaeogene and Scorpionidae has potential (but unconfirmed) records from the
Neogene. Given the complexity of this history and the present taxonomy of the group, we hope this contribution provides a first step towards simplifying fossil scorpion systematics.

Reference:
Dunlop JA, Garwood RJ. A review of fossil scorpion higher systematics. PeerJ. 2024;12:e18557. [Open Access]

Updated information about the distribution of the genus Orthochirus in Iran

 

Iran has a high scorpion diversity and is a hotspot for the genus Orthochirus Karsch, 1891 (Buthidae). Ersen Yagmur and co-workers recently published an article with updated information about the distribution of this genus in the country.

Abstract:
New locality records are given belonging to Orthochirus carinatus Navidpour, Kovařík, Soleglad & Fet, 2019 (Alborz Province), O. farzanpayi (Vachon & Farzanpay, 1987) (Fars, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari and Lorestan Provinces), O. formozovi Kovařík, Fet & Yağmur, 2020 (Razavi Khorasan Province), O. gantenbeini Kovařík, Yağmur, Fet & Hussen, 2019 (Lorestan Province), O. iranus Kovařík, 2004 (Bushehr and Khuzestan Provinces), O. kucerai Kovařík & Navidpour, 2020 (Kerman Province), O. mesopotamicus Birula, 1918 (Khuzestan Province), O. navidpouri Kovařík, Yağmur, Fet & Hussen, 2019 (Ilam, Khuzestan and Lorestan Provinces), O. stockwelli (Lourenço & Vachon, 1995) (Fars and Hormozgan Provinces), O. varius Kovařík, 2004 (Fars and Kerman Provinces), O. vignolii Kovařík & Navidpour, 2020 (Yazd Province) and O. zagrosensis Kovařík, 2004 (Fars, Isfahan and Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad Provinces) in this study. Among them following records are new province records: Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari and Lorestan for O. farzanpayi; Lorestan for O. gantenbeini; Ilam O. navidpouri; Fars for O. stockwelli; Fars and Kerman for O. varius and Isfahan for O.zagrosensis. Also, maps are prepared including new and old distributional localitiesand coloured habitus pictures of reported species of Orthochirus in this study.

Reference:
Yagmur EA, Mozaffari N, Akbari A, Moradi M. Contributions to the scorpion fauna of Iran. Part III. Records of genus Orthochirus Karsch, 1891. Serket. 2024;20(3):236-56. [Open Access]

Thanks to Hisham El-Hennaway for sending me this article!

Redescription of of Scorpio palmatus

 

Scorpio palmatus (Ehrenberg, 1828) (Scorpionidae) has a wide distribution in parts of northern Africa and The Middle East. Ersen Aydın Yağmur and Ahmed Badry have recently published a redescription of a male (the species' neotype) and female specimen of this species.

Abstract:
Scorpio palmatus (Ehrenberg, 1828) is redescribed based on the male neotype and a female specimen from northern Egypt. Illustrations prepared under white and UV lights and measurements are given.

Reference:
Yagmur EA, Badry A. Description of a neotype of Scorpio palmatus (Ehrenberg, 1828) (Scorpiones: Scorpionidae). Serket. 2024;20(3):215-29. [Open Access]

Thanks to Hisham El-Hennaway for sending me this article!

Family Scorpionidae

Review of cavernicolous scorpions in the Balkans

 

Cavernicolous scorpions are fascinating with their choice of habitat and in some cases morphological adaptions. This group of scorpions are usually divided into four categories: Accidentals, trogloxenes, troglophiles, and troglobites. The categories are explained in the introduction of the article mentioned below. It is the two latter categories that have caves as their main habitats, but not all of the scorpions in these groups have troglomorphic traits (e.g. reduced eyes, reduced pigmentation etc.). They who do are true troglobites.

Javier Blasco-Aróstegui and Lorenzo Prendini have recently published a review of cavernicolous scorpions in the Balkans. They have classified the known cavernicolous species into the categories mention above, presented a redescription of the only real troglobitic species, Euscorpius studentium Karaman, 2020, and provided a identification key for the to the identification of cavernicolous scorpions occurring in the Dinaric Karst area.

Abstract:
Cavernicolous scorpions are difficult to collect and study due to their often inaccessible habitats. Some have evolved unique morphological adaptations, known as troglomorphies, including reduced sclerotization and pigmentation, reduction and/or loss of eyes, attenuation and elongation of the appendages, which assist them to thrive in dark, humid and low-energy input environments. Cavernicolous scorpions are classified into accidentals, trogloxenes, troglophiles, and troglobites. The Balkans, and particularly the Dinaric Karst region, host a diverse cave-adapted fauna, including scorpions. Despite an 1895 report of a blind scorpion from Bosnia and Herzegovina, the first truly troglobitic European scorpion, Euscorpius studentium Karaman, 2020, was only described a few years ago, based on two immature specimens. In the present contribution, this unique species is redescribed based on the first adult specimens; the ecological classification of all currently known cavernicolous Euscorpiidae Laurie, 1896, is updated; a key to the identification of cavernicolous scorpions occurring in the Dinaric Karst is provided; and the historical and geographical factors affecting the distribution and conservation of cavernicolous scorpions in the Balkans is reviewed.

Reference:
Blasco-Aróstegui J, Prendini L. Redescription of Euscorpius studentium Based on Adult Specimens; Updated Classification of Cavernicolous Euscorpiidae; and Review of Cavernicolous Scorpions in the Balkans. Diversity. 2024;16(12):737. [Open Access]

Thanks to Gerard Dupre and Siegfried Huber for informing me about this article!

First record of Scorpio jordanensis from Syria

 

Ersen Yagmur and Ahmed Badry recently reported the discovery of Scorpio jordanensis Afifeh, Yagmur, Al-Saraireh & Amr, 2024 (Scorpionidae) from Syria. This species has previously only been reported from Jordan.

Abstract:
Scorpio jordanensis Abu Afifeh et al., 2024 is recently described from Jordan. Now, it is recorded from Syria. Its illustrations and measurements are given.

Reference:
Yagmur EA, Badry A. First record of Scorpio jordanensis from Syria (Scorpiones: Scorpionidae). Serket. 2024;20(3):230-5. [Open Access]

Thanks to Hisham El-Hennawy for sending me this article!

Rediscovery of the rare species Paruroctonus williamsi from Big Bend National Park, Texas USA

 

Matthew Leister recently published an article informing about the rediscovery of the rare scorpion Paruroctonus williamsi Sissom & Francke, 1981 (Vaejovidae). Several researchers have tried to find this species again in the last 50 years, but it has stayed hidden until now. Several specimens were discovered in The Big Bend National Park in Texas, USA.

Abstract:
A recent search at Big Bend National Park has recovered specimens of Paruroctonus williamsi after a lapse of over 50 years with no records of the species, underscoring the importance of continued monitoring for rare species. This study includes photographs of living specimens, documentation of their habitat, comparisons with other species of Paruroctonus found at Big Bend National Park, and a list of scorpions observed near P. williamsi.

Reference:
Leister M. Rediscovery of a rare species of Paruroctonus (Scorpiones: Vaejovidae) from Big Bend National Park, Texas. Western North American Naturalist. 2024;84(4):524–7. [Subscription required for full text]

Thanks to Luis A. Roque for sending me this article!

A revision of the number of taxa in The Scorpion Files

 

 I have checked the number of genera and species in each family and adjusted for any errors that I found. The numbers include species that are "Nomen dubium", but subspecies that are listed are not counted (only the main species).

Let me know if I have missed any taxa or taxonomical changes in The Scorpion Files.

Jan Ove Rein
Editor of The Scorpion Files
jan.rein@ntnu.no

An updated review of teratological abnormalities and other unusual anatomical or morphological findings in scorpions

 

One year ago, Danniella Sherwood and Luis F. de Armas published a review of teratological abnormalities in scorpions. Teratology is the study of physiological development abnormalities of in organisms during their life span (Wikipedia, 2023). Teratological abnormalities in scorpions are known to occur in most families, involving many different body parts. 

Now, Danniella Sherwood and several co-workers have published an updated review of teratological abnormalities in scorpions. They have also included cases of albinism, abnormal pigmentation, gynandromorphism, and injury healing. Many of the cases presented in the article are illustrated with color photos.

Abstract:
Eighteen new cases of teratology and other abnormalities within scorpions are presented, representing new cases of metasomal duplication, mesosomal anomaly, telson anomaly, albinism, and abnormal pigmentation. Furthermore, recently published literature on other scorpion anomalies are tabulated to update the recent 2023 checklist of scorpion teratology which charted all known literature up to the aforementioned work.

Reference:
Sherwood D, Tang V, Tchilinguirian J, Lamare L, Stockmann M, Gerace V. New Cases of Teratology, Albinism, Abnormal Pigmentation, Gynandromorphism, and Injury Healing in Scorpions (Arachnida: Scorpiones). Arthropoda. 2024;2:226-49. [Open Access]

Thanks to Danniella for sending me this article!

Updated information about the distribution of Androctonus aeneas in Algeria

 

Androctonus aeneas C. L. Koch, 1839 (Buthidae) is a potential medical important species in parts of northern Africa and knowledge about its distribution is important. Mohammed Ait Hammou and several co-workers have recently published an update on this species current distribution in Algeria with several new locations. 

Abstract:
This work concerns a new consideration on the geographical distribution of Androctonus aeneas C.L. Koch, 1839 (Scorpiones) in Algeria. Historically, this species occupied the central band of Algeria, from Tébessa and Khenchela in the east, through Batna in the Belezma mountains, to Naâma in the west. Recent surveys by young researchers have noted an expansion of the range of this scorpion not only in the geographic distribution area predicted for this species by Lourenço et al. (2015) but also towards western Algeria (Aïn Témouchent, Sabdou, El Bayadh and Saïda) and towards the southwest of Algeria in Naâma and Béchar. These new data may enrich the understanding of this potentially dangerous species, but also to the known area of scorpion envenomation risk.

Reference:
Hammou MA, Dahmani W, Cheddad A, Bouhissi ME, Feghoul MA, Benali N, et al. On current distribution of Androctonus aeneas Koch, 1839 in Algeria (Scorpiones: Buthidae). Serket. 2024;20(3):257-65. [Open Access]

Thanks to  Mohammed Ait Hammou, Noureddine Benali, Lukasz Kogut and Hisham El-Hennaway for informing me about this article!

A new species of Timogenes from north western Argentina

 

 

For the first time in 45 years, a new species in the genus Timogenes Simon, 1880 (Bothriuridae) has been described. Alexis Barrios-Montivero and co-workers recently described a new species in this small genus from the Pipanaco salt flat of arid Northwestern Argentina.

Timogenes pipanaco Barrios-Montivero & Ojanguren-Affilastro, 2024

Abstract:
We describe Timogenes pipanaco sp. nov. (Scorpiones, Bothriuridae) from north western Argentina. This species is most similar to Timogenes haplochirus Maury & Roig Alsina 1977, both sharing a shallow internal excavation in pedipalp chela of males. This is the smallest known species of the genus with males averaging 33.3 mm, and is the only species of the genus with extremely reduced stridulatory organ. This species is apparently endemic to the Pipanaco salt flat in arid north western Argentina, and is active in spring. This is the first species of genus Timogenes described after 45 years.

Reference:
Barrios-Montivero AE, Salas LB, Ojanguren Affilastro AA. Description of Timogenes pipanaco sp. nov.,(Scorpiones, Bothriuridae) a new salt flat species from north western Argentina. Zootaxa. 2024;5536(2):277-90. [Subscription required for full text]

Thanks to Andres and Victoria for informing me about this article!

Family Bothiuridae

A new species of Opisthacanthus from Mozambique

 

Wilson Lourenco and Eric Ythier have recently published an article describing a new species of Opisthacanthus Peters, 1861 (Hormuridae) from northern Mozambique.

Opisthacanthus mossambicensis Lourenço & Ythier, 2024

Abstract:
A new species of Hormuridae scorpion belonging to the genus Opisthacanthus and to the subgenus Nepabellus is described based on specimens collected in dry forests located in the North of Mozambique. This contribution is the first one to the African species of the genus and subgenus in more than two decades.

Reference:
Lourenco WR, Ythier E. A new contribution to the genus Opisthacanthus Peters, 1861 and in particular to the African species of the subgenus Nepabellus Francke, 1974 with the description of a new species from Mozambique (Scorpiones: Hormuridae). Serket. 2024;20(3):205-14. [Open Access provided by author]

Family Hormuridae

A new species of Tityopsis from Cuba

 

The 400th issue of  the open access journal “Euscorpius” is dedicated to the memory of the Cuban scorpion expert and friend to many of us in the scorpion community, Rolando Teruel, who we lost way too early in 2023. 

In the current issue, Frantisek Kovarik and co-workers describe a new species of Tityopsis Armas, 1974 (Buthidae) from Cuba. The new species was collected by Rolando, but he died before he could describe it. The new species is named in his honor.

Tityopsis rolandoi Kovarik, Stockmann, Stahlavsky & Yong, 2024

Abstract:
A new species Tityopsis rolandoi sp. n. is described from Cuba, fully illustrated with color photos showing its morphology and habitus. T. rolandoi sp. n. is the only species of the genus with a combination of two characters: movable finger shorter than carapace and chela length/width ratio 3.6 in male. This species also has a characteristic shape of a median smooth patch of sternite V, which is almost oval in male. In addition to morphology, we present the information about the karyotype of T. rolandoi sp. n. (2n=20) and T. sheylae (2n=22).

Reference:
Kovarik F, Stockmann M, Stahlavsky F, Yong S. Tityopsis rolandoi sp. n. (Scorpiones: Buthidae) from Cuba. Euscorpius. 2024(400):1-15. [Open Access]

Family Buthidae

Shelter size and scent are factors that have an impact on shelter selection in females of two scorpion species

 

Shelter selection and shelters are important for the survival of most scorpions. Some scorpion dig their own burrow, others use naturally existing ones like cracks and crevices in rocks and stones, depressions under stones and burrows made by other animals.

Janina Hladik and co-workers have recently published a study investigation shelter selection (with focus on shelter size and scent) in females of Euscorpius italicus (Herbst, 1800) (Euscorpiidae) and Mesobuthus gibbosus (C.L. Koch, 1839) (Buthidae).

Females of both E. italicus and M. eupeus favor larger over smaller shelters, while they do not show clear preferences for conspecific scents. An impairment experiment showed that the scorpions could not detect size nor scent properly when either their pectines or pedipalps were impaired.

Abstract:
Shelter selection is an important task in an animal’s life. Concerning scorpions, little is known on the evaluation of potential shelters and the importance of chemosensation. To address these issues, we conducted a two-choice shelter test in rectangular open field arenas to identify properties rendering shelters attractive for female scorpions of the species E. italicus and M.  prey, aversive: rosemary oil). Contact with the shelters was video-recorded under red light for 13 h, including the whole night phase. Results revealed a preference for larger shelters, with conspecific scent having minor or no influence. Striking differences occurred with regard to prey and rosemary oil scents. Prey scent was more attractive to M. eupeus, while rosemary oil did not act as a repellent. E. italicus was not very attracted by prey scent, but was repelled by rosemary oil. These findings might reflect the different habitats, semi-arid vs. Mediterranean climates: prey and rosemary are scarce in the semi-arid climate (habitat of M. eupeus), whereas they are abundant in the Mediterranean climate (habitat of E. italicus). We carried out impairment experiments to identify the main sensory organs responsible for the above observations. These are the pectines and pedipalps which function as mechano- and chemosensors. Scorpions could not detect size nor scent properly when either their pectines or pedipalps were impaired.

Reference:
Hladik J, Bailer Y, Wolf H, Stemme T. Shelter selection in females of two scorpion species depends on shelter size and scent. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol. 2024. [Open Access]

An updated list of the scorpions of French Guiana

 

Eric Ythier and Gerard Dupre recently published an article listing up all species reported from French Guiana.

Abstract:
La faune des scorpions de la Guyane française est en constante évolution faunistique depuis les années 2000. Nous présentons une synthèse actuelle de cette région d’une grande richesse spécifique avec un taux d’endémicité important.

Reference:
Ythier E, Dupre G. Les scorpions de la Guyane Francaise (Aarachnida : Scorpiones). Arachnides. 2024(118):1-8. [Open Access]

Thanks to Gerard for sharing the online archive of Arachnides with The Scorpion Files.

A new species of Hadrurochactas French Guiana

 

Eric Ythier and Wilson Lourenco recently published a description of a new species of Hadrurochactas Pocock, 1893(Chactidae) from the Mitaraka Massif in French Guiana.

Hadrurochactas tumucumaque Ythier & Lourenço, 2024

Abstract:
A new species belonging to the genus Hadrurochactas Pocock, 1893 (family Chactidae Pocock, 1893) is described on the basis of one male specimen collected in southern French Guiana, in the Mitaraka Massif, belonging to the Tumuk Humak Mountains (Serra do Tumucumaque), close to the border between French Guiana and Brazil. Hadrurochactas tumucumaque sp. n. represents the third species of Hadrurochactas reported from French Guiana and the total number of Hadrurochactas species is now raised to nine. The disrupted pattern of distribution of the genus is also discussed.

References:
Ythier E, Lourenco WR. A new species of Hadrurochactas Pocock, 1893 (Scorpiones: Chactidae) from the Mitaraka Massif in French Guiana. Faunitaxys. 2024;12(59):1-9. [Open Access]

Family Chactidae

Updated records of scorpion stowaways discovered in United Kingdom

 

In 2023, Daniella Sherwood and Luis de Armas published an article presenting old and new records of scorpions detected as stowaways in the United Kingdom. In a recent article, Daniella Sherwood and co-workers present updated information on scorpion stowaways discovered in the UK.

Abstract:
No abstract.

Reference:
Sherwood D, De Armas L, Tchilinguirian J. Additions to the list of scorpions (Arachnida: Scorpiones) intercepted as stowaways in the United Kingdom. Newsletter of the British Arachnological Society. 2024(161):3-5. [Access supplied by authors]

Thanks to Daniella for sending me link to the article!

A new species of Isometrus from India

 

Mahesh Bangar and co-workers have recently described a new species of Isometrus Ehrenberg, 1828 (Buthidae) from The Deccan Plateau in India.

Isometrus dnyandeoi Bandgar, Kininge, Bhosale, Bandgar & Bhosale, 2024

Abstract:
We described a new species of the scorpion genus Isometrus Ehrenberg, 1828 based on six specimens near Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India. Isometrus dnyandeo sp. nov. represent the eighteenth described species, and the first new species described from the agricultural land outside of Ghat region. Genetically I. dnyandeo sp. nov. is distinct from I. amboli with a genetic divergence of 8.6% (COI) and shows a high divergence with I. palani (16.2%).

Reference:
Bandgar M, Kininge S, Bhosale A, Bandgar K, Bhosale D, Suryavanshi A, et al. A new species of Isometrus Ehrenberg, 1828 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) from the Maharashtra, India. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 2024;121(3). [Subscription required for full text]

Thanks to Gerard Dupre for sending me this article!

Family Buthidae

A new species of Scorpiops from Laos

 

Frantisek Kovarik and co-workers have recently described a new species of Scorpiops Peters, 1861 (Scorpiopidae) from Laos. 

Scorpiops tangae Kovarik, Stahlavsky & Stockmann, 2024

Abstract:
A new species Scorpiops tangae sp. n. is described from Laos, fully illustrated with color photos showing its morphology and habitus. Scorpiops tangae sp. n. is the only species of the genus with a combination of the following five characters: chelal trichobothrium Eb3 located in distal half of manus between trichobothria Dt and Est; patella of pedipalp with 11 ventral and 17 external trichobothria; fingers of pedipalps undulate in male; pedipalp movable finger with ca. 45 IAD; and chela length to width ratio 3.7 in male. In addition to morphology and hemispermatophore, we also present the information about the karyotype of S. tangae sp. n. (2n=105).

Reference:
Kovarik F, Stahlavsky F, Stockmann M. Scorpiops tangae sp. n. (Scorpiones: Scorpiopidae) from Laos. Euscorpius. 2024(399):1-15. [Open Access]

Family Scorpiopidae

Survival strategies of first-instar scorplings of Olivierus martensii

 

Ecdysis (molting, changing skin) is the way that scorpions and many other arthropods grow. This is a risky part of an young scorpions life, especially during the first molts. Yiyuan Guo and co-workers have recently published a study on the strategies used by first-instar scorplings of Olivierus martensii (Karsch, 1879) (Buthidae) to optimize survival (the article use the old name for this species, Mesobuthus martensii). 

The study shows that newborn scorpions exhibit special aggregate molting behavior, which increases their chances of survival. This aggregating behavior makes it easier for the mother scorpion to keep the scorplings on her back, even though this behavior is also observed when scorplings molt away from the mother's back. The cooperative nature of aggregate molting in first-instars combined with staying on the mother's back and in her care is probably an essential role in increasing the survival of the young scorplings.

Abstract:
Ecdysis is a well-known developmental feature among arthropods. Because the aggregate and synchronous molting of first-instar scorpions is markedly different from the common independent molting behavior of older scorpions and most arthropods, knowledge on the biological benefits of the unusual behavior of first-instar scorpions remain limited. Before the molting of newborn scorpions, their mothers exhibited a remarkable ability to efficiently locate the fallen offspring and help them climb onto their back, which was supported by strong maternal behavior because they climbed more swiftly than the 7-day postpartum scorpions. Most newborn scorpions molted and survived on the mother’s back, with a survival rate of approximately 100%, and most newborn scorpions survived via aggregate molting behavior on sand in the absence of mothers (89.83% ± 1.91%). The important role of the mother scorpion was further highlighted in mothers with one to five first-instar scorpions.While all first-instar scorpions individually or reciprocally molted and survived on the mother’s back, only 52.00% ± 7.14% to 79.20% ± 4.24% of newborn scorpions isolated from the mother could individually or reciprocally molt and survive on the sand, and the aggregated states of first-instar scorpions strengthened as their numbers on sand increased before molting. These results highlight collaborative molting as an evolutionary driving force for newborn scorpions. Taken together, both maternal care and collaborative aggregate molting behavior enhanced the survival of first-instar scorpions before and after molting, and these benefits for first-instar scorpions play essential and evolutionary roles in scorpion survival.

Reference:
Guo Y, Li S, Lu S, Wang X, Cao Z, Wu Y. Special Survival Strategy of First-Instar Scorpions Revealed by Synchronous Molting Behavior from Social Facilitation of Maternal Care and Reciprocal Aggregation. Insects. 2024;15(9). [Open Access]

A checklist of the scorpion taxa reported from Africa

 

Gerard Dupre has recently published a checklist of all scorpion taxa reported from Africa. The article also specify endemic taxa for the different countries.

Abstract:
No abstract.

Reference:
Dupre G. Les scorpions d'Afrique. Arachnides. 2024(117):1-72. [Open Access]

Thanks to Gerard for sharing the online archive of Arachnides with The Scorpion Files. Also thanks to ChatGPT/DALL-E for the illustration.

Clustered setation on the pedipalps of buthid scorpions - morphology, taxonomic significance and a cleaning tool

 

The skin (exoskeleton) of scorpions has many different types of hairs (e.g. trichobothrias and setae). These have many functions, especially as sensory detectors of chemical substances and mechanical vibrations. For taxonomists they are also important morphological characters that can be used to identify taxa.

Trichobothriotaxy is already in great use in diagnosis  and description of many taxa (from species level to family level), but the usefulness of the setae (chaetotaxy) is less investigated. Graeme Lowe and Victoria Tang have now published a extensive study of chaetotaxy in scorpions with morphological descriptions of the different setation patterns in different taxa and the possible applications of these in taxonomy.

Interestingly, observations of Olivierus martensii (Karsch, 1879) (Buthidae) seem to indicate that this species uses setae clusters on pedipalps to brush the median ocelli (eyes) during sponge-bathing (cleaning behavior).

Abstract:
Chaetotaxy of the external pedipalp femur and distal ventral pedipalp movable finger was studied in 120 species, 69 genera and 17 families of scorpions. Setation was generally denser in the ‘Buthus’ group, a major arid-adapted buthid lineage distributed across Palearctic deserts. On the external femur, macrosetae formed a prominent cluster, the ‘distal external macrosetal cluster’ (DEMC); on the distal ventral movable finger they formed a dense patch, the ‘distal ventral macrosetal cluster’ (DVMC). In other buthids and non-buthids, the DEMC and DVMC were mostly absent, except in a few arid-adapted genera. Relative setation densities of DEMC and DVMC in different species depended strongly on size, being denser in larger species and sparser in smaller species, while absolute density varied only weakly with size (mean spacing of setae ~200 μm in DEMC, ~40 μm in DVMC). Ontogenetic variation followed similar trends. Multivariate morphometric analyses revealed taxonomic differences in setation patterns. The ‘Buthus’ group, other buthids, and non-buthids, were partially separable according to their spatial profiles of setation. In the ‘Buthus’ group, major genera were separable by spatial and density profiles of setation. In buthids, there were taxonomic differences in external femoral trichobothriotaxy. The ‘Buthus’ and Tityus’ groups were largely separable by proximodistal positioning of trichobothrium e1. Relative setation densities of DEMC and DVMC were positively correlated, in that species with dense DEMCs also tended to have dense DVMCs. In the buthid Olivierus martensii, DEMC and DVMC were observed to brush the median ocelli during sponge-bathing. In all examined buthids, the DEMC was located where it would contact the ipsilateral median ocellus during femoral articulation. Both DEMC and DVMC may assist in the ocular grooming of desert buthids, by removing sand and dust from surfaces of the median ocelli.

Reference:
Lowe G, Tang V. Clustered setation on the pedipalps of buthid scorpions (Scorpiones: Buthidae). Euscorpius. 2024(398):1-77. [Open Access]

A new species of Alpiscorpius from western Turkey

 

Ersen Yagmur recently published an article describing a new species of  Alpiscorpius Gantenbein et al., 1999 (Euscorpiidae) from western Turkey.

Alpiscorpius orgeli Yagmur, 2024

Abstract:
A new species Alpiscorpius orgeli sp. nov. is described based on morphological evidence from Demirci District of Manisa Province in western Turkey. With this addition, the number of scorpion species recorded in Turkey now stands at 22 for the Euscorpiidae family and five for the genus Alpiscorpius.

Reference:
Yagmur EA. Alpiscorpius orgeli sp. nov., a new scorpion species from Manisa Province, Turkey (Scorpiones: Euscorpiidae). Zoology in the Middle East. 2024;Published online: 07 Oct 2024. [Subscription required for full text]

Thanks to Ersen and Victoria for sending me this article!

Family Euscorpiidae

A new species of Uroplectes from Cameroon

 

Frantisek Kovarik and co-workers recently published the description of a new species of Uroplectes Peters, 1861 (Buthidae) from Cameroon.

Uroplectes ebogo Kovarik, Stahlavsky & Govorov, 2024

Abstract:
A new species Uroplectes ebogo sp. n. is described from Cameroon, fully illustrated with color photos showing its morphology and habitus. Uroplectes ebogo sp. n. is the only species of the genus with a combination two characters: metasoma without carinae and metasoma V and telson without punctuation. In addition to morphology and hemispermatophore, we also present the information about the karyotype of Uroplectes ebogo sp. n. (2n=24).

Reference:
Kovarik F, Stahlavsky F, Govorov V. Uroplectes ebogo sp. n. (Scorpiones: Buthidae) from Cameroon. Euscorpius. 2024(397):1-13. [Open Access]

Family Buthidae

Is it possible to use venom molecular mass fingerprint for taxonomical identification of scorpions from Morocco?

 

Correct identification of scorpions is important and especially in regions and countries where there are several species that can cause serious envenomations. Boujemaa Ajdi and co-workers have recently published an article investigating whether venom molecular mass fingerprint can be used to identify scorpions in Morocco. 

I must admit that this paper is a little over my head but the main conclusions seem to be that this method seems to be a reliable tool for the taxonomic identification of scorpions from Morocco. In addition, molecular mass fingerprints of scorpion venoms contain sufficient molecular variations to differentiate scorpion species. The method seems to be promising for rapid molecular identification of scorpions in the future. See paper for more details.

Abstract:
The venom of scorpions has been the subject of numerous studies. However, their taxonomic identification is not a simple task, leading to misidentifications. This study aims to provide a practical approach for identifying scorpions based on the venom molecular mass fingerprint (MFP). Specimens (251) belonging to fifteen species were collected from different regions in Morocco. Their MFPs were acquired using MALDI-MS. These were used as a training dataset to generate predictive models and a library of mean spectral profiles using software programs based on machine learning. The computational model achieved an overall recognition capability of 99 % comprising 32 molecular signatures. The models and the library were tested using a new dataset for external validation and to evaluate their capability of identification. We recorded an accuracy classification with an average of  97 % and 98 % for the computational models and the library, respectively. To our knowledge, this is the first attempt to demonstrate the potential of MALDI-MS and MFPs to generate predictive models capable of discriminating scorpions from family to species levels, and to build a library of species-specific spectra. These promising results may represent a proof of concept towards developing a reliable approach for rapid molecular identification of scorpions in Morocco.

Reference:
Ajdi B, El Hidan MA, El Asbahani A, Bocquet M, Hamza MA, M'Barka E, et al. Taxonomic identification of Morocco scorpions using MALDI-MS fingerprints of venom proteomes and computational modeling. J Proteomics. 2024:105321. [Subscription required for full text]

Albinism in the buthid Olivierus martensii and review of albinism in scorpions in general

 

Albinism is known in many animals, but it is rare in scorpions. Victoria Tang and Zhenbang Liu has now published a very thorough article on this fascinating topic using albinism in Olivierus martensii (Karsch, 1879) (Buthidae) from China as an example.

The authors thoroughly describe and discuss all aspects of albinism in this species (origin of this phenotype, manifestation, and behavioral and ecological consequences of having this phenotype). Scorpion coloration in general is also discussed in relation to albinism.

Abstract:
This is a formal case report for the albinism in Olivierus martensii (Karsch, 1879). Albino phenotype is compared with its normal counterpart in terms of their morphology and behavior by cursory experiments. The examined 7 albino individuals (5 of which were adults) were smaller and more slender than their normal counterparts. However, these quantitative differences were not statistically significant and should be treated with caution due to the low sample size. Their abilities to detect both white light and UV light or UV-excited fluorescence were not significantly undermined, although their tendency to ensure a clear vision through self-cleaning behavior appeared to be reduced. Their heightened visibility on dark, leafmould substrate and greater crypticity on yellowish gravels may play a significant role in their natural survival. Additional evidence is required to substantiate this hypothesis as the function of scorpion coloration has been hardly studied. Several theoretical assumptions were proposed following a literature review on scorpion coloration and fluorescence, and this paper also serves as a brief synopsis of those aspects. Other three rare phenotypes in this species are also reported, defined here as piebaldism, hypomelanism and leucism. Given their existence, it is suggested that the loss of melanin in the epidermis beneath the ocelli is diagnostic for albinism in scorpions.

Reference:
Tang V, Liu Z. Albinism in Olivierus martensii (Karsch, 1879) (Scorpiones: Buthidae). Euscorpius. 2024(396):1-33. [Open Access]

A study of the defensive behaviour of the buthid scorpion Buthus atlantis

 

The scorpions' sting and venom use is important in both prey capture and defense. Several studies have previously investigated sting use in defense and also the use of venom (dry versus wet stings and the discovery of prevenom). 

Youssef El Joud and co-workers have recently published a study analyzing how various factors such as temperature, prey type, and threatening conditions influence stinging behaviour, venom usage and regeneration in the scorpion Buthus atlantis Pocock, 1889 (Buthidae) from Morocco.

Their study shows that the scorpions are more ready to sting in defense in higher temperatures and that venom expenditure in B. atlantis is regulated by both temperature and threatening conditions.

Abstract:
Understanding animal’s behaviour and adaptation in the face of threats and predators under different biotic and abiotic conditions is fundamental in ecology. In this study we examined defensive behaviour of Buthus atlantis scorpion in order to assess how various factors such as temperature, prey type, and threatening conditions influence stinging behaviour, venom usage and regeneration. Our study had revealed that stings frequency was significantly lower in cooler temperature compared to the medium and warm temperature. Threatening condition had no significant effect in medium and warmer temperature, the difference between the two conditions was only significant in the cooler temperature. Conversely, we had shown that venom expenditure in B. atlantis is regulated by both temperature and threatening conditions. Our results show that scorpions maintained in higher temperatures yielded the greatest amount of venom compared to those in lower temperatures. Analyses of proteins concentration according to temperature and diet variation had revealed that scorpions placed in intermediate (25 ◦C) and warmer temperature (40 ◦C) had a significantly higher venom proteins concentration when compared to the cooler temperature (10 ◦C). Results also showed that scorpions adjust their venom usage based on their perception of danger, which can be influenced by temperature.

Reference:
El Joud Y, El Bouazzaoui A, El-Ghali S, Laghzaoui EM, Toulon O, Ait Larradia M, et al. Assessing the effects of temperature, diet and threat conditions on defensive behaviour and venom regeneration in scorpion (Buthus atlantis). J Therm Biol. 2024;124:103966. [Subscription required for full text]

Redescription of the little known buthid Kraepelina palpator from Iran

 

The genus Kraepelina Vachon, 1974 (Buthidae) with its only species K. palpator  (Birula, 1903)is only known from Iran and Turkmenistan. It has previously been places in different genera. Hossein Barahoei has now published a redescription and also molecular data from new materials collected in Iran confirming its current taxonomic status.

Abstract:
Kraepelinia Vachon, 1974 is a monotypic buthid scorpion genus, with its populations distributed in Iran and Turkmenistan. A recent series of specimens were collected from the Sistan region, southeast Iran, during 2019-2023 and used for morphological and molecular studies. The mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene was sequenced for molecular research. Kraepelinia palpator was re-described based on the new specimens. Based on phylogenetic analysis, K. palpator was placed sister to Mesobuthus Vachon, 1950. Phylogenetic trees and genetic distances confirmed the Monophyly of all studied genera of Buthidae in this study. This study found the highest genetic distance (0.155) between K. palpator and Androctonus sp., and the lowest (0.102) was with Mesobuthus rakhshanii. Kraepelinia runs as the most similar taxon to Mesobuthus based on morphological characters. This genus's most important morphological characteristics are the placement of eb trichobothria on the manus and having teeth on the ventral surface of the third metasomal segment. The members of this species are distributed in the lowlands areas.

Reference:
Barahoei H. On the identity and taxonomy of Kraepelinia palpator (Birula, 1903)(Scorpiones: Buthidae) from southeast Iran. Journal of Wildlife and Biodiversity. 2024;8(4):184-92. [Open Access]

Thanks to Gerard Dupre for sending me this article!

Family Buthidae

Sensory structures in the aculeus part of the scorpion's tail

 

It is well known that scorpions can detect and use chemical cues and substrate vibrations thanks to chemosensitive hairs and other structures on the pectins and on part of the pedipalps. In a recent article, Melek Erdek and Ersen Yagmur describe and discuss potential sensory structures found in the scorpions' aculeus. Aculeus is the outer part of the telson where the stinger starts and it is covered with aculear peg sensilla and pore holes. 

Abstract:
The scorpion telson is composed of a bulbous shaped base with two venom glands and an aculeus with two venom channels that open to the exterior. The cuticular surface of the aculeus is covered with aculear peg sensilla and pore holes. These sensillar pegs are located on the aculeus surface of the telson and function as contact chemoreceptors. Data on aculear peg sensilla are presented from both parvorders, four families, 15 genera and 15 species of extant scorpions. Although all aculear peg sensilla have a similar structure in all species and sexes in terms of their general morphology, their location and frequency on the surface of the aculeus cuticle varies. The shape of these sensilla is similar in all species, and the distribution density on the cuticle surface differs from species to species. The single slit sensilla were observed at various intervals and numbers in the aculeus-bulb connection area of the telson.

Reference:
Erdek M, Yagmur EA. A comprehensive evaluation of the aculear sensory structures in scorpions (Arachnida: Scorpiones). Arthropoda Selecta. 2024;33(3):355-74. [Open Access]

Thanks to Ersen for sending me their article!

A new species of Tityus from Colombia

 

Leo Laborieux just published an article describing a new species of Tityus C. L. Koch, 1836 (Buthidae) from the Cordillera Oriental in Colombia.

Tityus icarus Laborieux, 2024

PS! Check out the the explanation (etymology) for the name chosen for this new species! :)

Abstract:
A new species belonging to the genus Tityus (Atreus) (family Buthidae, C. L. Koch, 1837) is described from the Colombian Cordillera Oriental on the basis of three specimens collected in La Vega (Cundinamarca department). Specimens of Tityus (Atreus) icarus sp. n. were collected in a patch of medium-altitude broadleaf rainforest, 1350 a.s.l. The new species shares affinities with T. (Atreus) antioquensis Lourenço & Otero-Patiño, 1998, and T. (Atreus) nematochirus Mello-Leitão, 1940, but can be readily distinguished from these two taxa based on morphometric differences and a combination of several characters. The new species is the 229th described in the genus.

Reference:
Laborieux L. A new species of Tityus Koch, 1836 (Scorpiones: Buthidae), from the Cordillera Oriental (Colombia). Faunitaxys. 2024;12(41):1-9. [Open Access]

Thanks to Gerard Dupre for sending me this article!

Family Buthidae

Activity patterns of the medical important scorpion Tityus serrulatus in an urban habitat in Brazil

 

Tityus serrulatus Lutz & Mello, 1922 (Buthidae) is probably the most medical important scorpion in Brazil and South America and one of the main reasons for this is the species' opportunistic life style and its adaption to urban habitats.  

José Brites-Neto and co-workers have recently published a study of the activity patterns and reproduction of a population of Tityus serrulatus in a urban habitat in the state of São Paulo in Brazil (in a cemetery). Increased knowledge of this medical important species' behavior and activity is important for those working to prevent scorpion envenomations when humans and scorpions share the same habitat.

Abstract:
Tityus serrulatus Lutz & Mello (Scorpiones: Buthidae) is a scorpion endemic to Brazil adapted to synanthropic life, colonising and proliferating in the most populous urban areas in the country. Here, we evaluated its activity pattern in an urban cemetery in the municipality of Americana, state of S˜ao Paulo, Brazil. Additionally, we tested the effects of species reproduction and climatic seasons on the activity pattern. The Saudade Municipal Cemetery was sampled between 17:00 and 22:00 h during 455 nights from April 2006 to December 2013. The circular mean and the peak of activity were quantified for the total number of specimens, and for specimens with and without broods. Activity patterns were inferred using a rosette diagram. Circular analysis of variance was used to investigate if activity patterns changed across climatic seasons (wet and dry seasons). A total of 25,969 records (467 specimens with broods) were obtained in the field. The circular mean varied between 19:44 and 19:48 h, and the peak of activity occurred between 18:00 and 20:00 h for all groups. Peaks of activity differed from that recorded under laboratory conditions (between 21:00 and 23:00 h). Activity patterns did not differ for specimens with broods, suggesting that the reproductive condition does not alter the species activity pattern. The activity pattern differed between wet and dry seasons for all specimens and specimens without broods, but differences were small and probably biologically irrelevant, probably because the species tolerates a wide variation in abiotic conditions. Deepening the knowledge of the behaviour activity of T. serrulatus can have practical applications for health surveillance agencies, aiming to increase the effectiveness of scorpion control in urban areas.

Reference:
Brites-Neto J, Willmer JNG, Delciellos AC. Activity pattern of Tityus serrulatus (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in an urban area in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Med Vet Entomol. 2024. [Subscription required full text]

Antibiotic-producing bacteria discovered in tissue from the giant sand scorpion, Smeringurus mesaensis

 

As most of you know, there is an increasing and worrying number of treatment resistant bacteria in the world. It is probably safe to say that we are now in an antibiotic resistance crisis. The venom of scorpions have for several years provided several candidates for medical treatments (e.g. Chlorotoxin from Leiurus quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828) (Buthidae)), but a recent paper suggests that scorpions can contribute with more than their venom.

In a recent article, Atkinson and co-workers present the discovery of antibiotic-producing bacteria in tissue samples from the giant sand scorpion, Smeringurus mesaensis (Stahnke, 1957) (Vaejovidae). It is important to note that this is results from laboratory studies and more research is necessary before the antibiotic effect can be confirmed for humans. But the study opens up the exciting possibility that scorpion tissues can provide a new source of antimicrobial molecules in the war against antibiotic resistance. 

Abstract:
Antibiotic resistance is a global health crisis. Our current arsenal of antibiotics—drugs meant to kill bacteria and stop their population growth—is becoming less effective at treating bacterial infections as resistant bacteria emerge, fueling the dire need to discover new antibiotics. Most antibiotics in use today have been discovered from bacteria. To increase the chances of finding potentially novel antibiotic molecules, we studied the relatively unexplored microbial environment of scorpion tissues, using the giant sand scorpion, Smeringurus mesaensis (Stahnke, 1957). Bacterial symbionts were isolated and cultured from the mesosoma and metasoma, and isolates were tested in a functional assay for production of antibiotics. Under the culture conditions utilized, most scorpion-derived bacteria were from the phyla of Firmicutes, Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria. Fifty five percent of the clonal isolates tested produced antibiotics, with most being Bacillus species. None of the bacterial conditioned media were cytotoxic to mammalian cells. This study suggests scorpion tissues may provide a rich source of antimicrobial molecules to help combat the antibiotic resistance crisis.

Reference:
Atkinson L, Shimwell C, Lucin KM, Graham MR, Murdoch B. Antibiotic-producing bacteria isolated from the giant sand scorpion, Smeringurus mesaensis (Scorpiones: Vaejovidae). The Journal of Arachnology. 2024;52(2):116-26. [Subscription required for full text]

Thanks to Matt Simon for informing me about this article!

Molecular study of medical important Hemiscorpius species from Iran

 

Correct identification of medical important scorpions is very important to be able to provide optimal treatment. Many species are morphological similar and this will make correct identification difficult. This is the case with many species of Hemiscorpius  Peters, 1861 (Hemiscorpiidae) in Iran. 

Shahi and Barahoei have recently published a molecular study on the Hemiscorpius fauna in the Hormozgan province in southern Iran. The study confirms the validity of the following three species in the genus:

Hemiscorpius acanthocercus Monod & Lourenço, 2005
Hemiscorpius enischnochela Monod & Lourenço, 2005
Hemiscorpius lepturus Peters, 1861

This is important information as the available antivenom for this genus do not work optimal inn all cases and this might be because there are different species involved. 

Abstract:
Three species of Hemiscorpius were identified in Hormozgan province, for which the available antivenoms lack the efficacy required for treating patients. Consequently, an exact identification of the existing species was deemed necessary as the first step in managing treatment procedures. Considering the morphological similarities among the species, the aim of this research was the molecular study of the samples to accurately identify the species. Hemiscorpius specimens were collected from various locations in Hormozgan province between 2021 to 2023. The Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene was amplified and sequenced. Four sequences were obtained from Hemiscorpius specimens collected from Hormozgan province, and three sequences were sourced from the NCBI for analysis. Bayesian inference and Maximum likelihood phylogenetic trees showed similar results, positioning the base of Hemiscorpius enischnochela tree as an older species and Hemiscorpius lepturus adjacent to Hemiscorpius acanthocercus, identified as the newest species at the tree's tip. The results confirmed the validity of three species, namely H. acanthocercus, H. enischnochela, and H. lepturus. Hemiscorpius acanthocercus and H. lepturus are known for having dangerous venom for humans with reported deaths due to their stings. Considering the importance of the members of this genus from the medical point of view, a comprehensive examination of all species is imperative.

Reference:
Shahi M, Barahoei H. Molecular study of Hemiscorpius Peters (Scorpiones: Hemiscorpiidae) in Hormozgan province, South of Iran. Arch Razi Inst. 2024;79(1):211-7. [Open Access]

Family Hemiscorpiidae