Two new chactid species from Northernmost Brazilian Amazon

 

Andre Lira has co-workers have recently published an article describing two new species in the family Chactidae from the Northernmost Brazilian Amazon.

Brotheas cernii Lira, Gonzalez-Santillan, Santos-da-Silva, Brescovit & Pucca, 2026

Cayooca puchus Lira, Gonzalez-Santillan, Santos-da-Silva, Brescovit & Pucca, 2026

The genus Cayooca Gonzalez-Sponga, 1996 has been synonymized with Broteochactas Pocock, 1893. In the recent mega-revision of scorpion taxonomy, Prendini, 2026 resurrected this genus. As previously mentioned, I'm in the process of mapping all changed made in the Prendini paper and decide how to include these in The Scorpion Files. However, because a new species has been described in Cayooca, I have chosen to include this genus as valid in The Scorpion Files. A consequence of this is that Cayooca venezuelensis Gonzalez-Sponga, 1996 is returned to its original genus from Broteochactas Pocock, 1893.

Abstract:
Amid an ongoing environmental crisis marked by high deforestation rates in the Brazilian Amazon, two new species of chactid scorpions are herein described. Cayooca puchus sp. n. is described from an inselberg in the municipality of Mucajaí, state of Roraima, northern Brazilian Amazon. The new species resembles Cayooca venezuelensis but differs by denser body granulation and strongly costate, scattered granular ventromedian and ventral prosubmedian carinae. Brotheas cernii sp. n., described from the same locality, resembles Brotheas granulatus and B. subgranulatus but differs by smaller body size, granular ventral carinae on metasomal segment I, strongly granular pedipalp chelae, and spinoid granules on ventral metasomal carinae of segments III–V. These findings reinforce the Amazon as a major center of biodiversity and highlight the likelihood that numerous species remain undescribed.

Reference:
Lira AFA, González-Santillán E, Santos-da-Silva AP, Brescovit AD, Melo-dos-Santos G, Rocha AM, et al. Two New Species of Scorpions (Scorpiones: Chactidae) from Northernmost Brazilian Amazon. Diversity. 2026;18(6):345. [Open Access]

Thanks to Andre for sending me their article!

Family Chactidae 

A new species of Brotheas from Brazilian Amazonia

 

Eric Ythier and Wilson Lourenco recently published an article describing a new species of Brotheas C.L. Koch, 1838  (Chactidae) from Brazilian Amazonia.

Brotheas pseudogranulatus Ythier & Lourenco, 2026

Abstract:
A new species of scorpion, Brotheas pseudogranulatus sp. n. (Scorpiones: Chactidae), is described from the state of Amazonas in Brazil, near the border with Colombia. The new species is notably characterized by a strong granulation over the carapace and tergites, and appears as a possible vicariant element with Brotheas granulatus Simon, 1877, from the Guayana region of South America. The total number of Brotheas species is now raised to 31, of which 14 occur in the Amazon Basin, including 11 from the Brazilian Amazonia. The geographical distribution of the genus Brotheas is also enlarged.

Reference:
Ythier E, Lourenco WR. A new species of Brotheas C. L. Koch, 1838 from Brazilian Amazonia (Scorpiones: Chactidae). Faunitaxys. 2026;14(30):1–7. [Open Access]

Thanks to Eric for informing me about this article!

Family Chactidae 

 

A review of the taxa described by Carl Ludwig Koch in the series Die Arachniden (1836 - 1847)

 

Descriptions and publications of new taxa in the early days of scorpion taxonomy have often been challenging when it comes to publication dates and similar. The latter is important today in taxonomy to trace the history of the taxa and to establish priority.

The series "Die Arachniden" by Carl Wilhelm Hahn and Carl Ludwig Koch (1831–1847) exemplifies this problem. During the years of this publication, seven genera and 97 scorpion species were described by Kock. Today, 34 of these taxa are still valid. 

Javier Blasco-Aróstegui and co-workers recently published a list of C. L. Koch’s scorpion names with corrected publication dates and a guide to the proper citations for each part of Die Arachniden. Details can be found in the paper, but the following valid taxa has gotten a new year for their description (and are updated in The Scorpion Files):

Buthus halius (C. L. Koch, 1838). Previously 1839.

Buthus paris (C. L. Koch, 1838). Previously 1839.

Brotheas C. L. Koch, 1838. Previously 1837.

Franckeus nitidulus (C. L. Koch, 1842). Previously 1836.

Abstract:
Accurate publication dates are essential in taxonomy because they determine the availability and priority of scientific names. However, older works, often issued in multiple parts over several years, frequently recorded only the date of the final compiled volume, obscuring the true publication dates of individual parts. The series Die Arachniden by Carl Wilhelm Hahn and Carl Ludwig Koch (1831–1847) exemplifies this problem, with hundreds of arachnid species described across 16 volumes, including scorpions, spiders, and other orders. Many names have been synonymized, invalidated, or transferred, whereas ambiguous descriptions and type localities added further confusion. Carl Ludwig Koch described seven genera and 97 scorpion species, 34 of which remain valid more than 150 years later. The present contribution provides a list of C. L. Koch’s scorpion names with corrected publication dates and a guide to the proper citations for each part of Die Arachniden. Six nomina dubia are proposed: Androctonus thoas C. L. Koch, 1839, Brotheas maurus C. L. Koch, 1838, Tityus fatalis C. L. Koch, 1844, Tityus perfidus C. L. Koch, 1844, Tityus serenus C. L. Koch, 1844, and Vaejovis flavescens C. L. Koch, 1842. Similar efforts are recommended for other arachnid orders in the series to stabilize nomenclature.

Reference:
Blasco-Aróstegui J, Blick T, Prendini L. Scorpions described by Carl Ludwig Koch in Die Arachniden (1836–1847): correct publication dates, volume citations, and updated taxonomy. Arachnology. 2026;20(4):527–32. [Full text available only for BAS members].

Thanks to the late Gerard Dupre, who sent me this article a few days before his passing!  

 

Two papers on the venom and venom effect of Tityus species in Brazil

 

As most of you know, there are several medical important scorpions in the Genus Tityus C. L. Koch, 1836 (Buthidae) in Brazil and other countries of South America. Knowledge of the venom composition of dangerous scorpions and their clinical effect is important, both for understanding how they work, but also to develop effective anti-venom therapy. In addition, studying scorpion venom is also important to see if there are components that can be used in medical research.

Last fall there was published two papers on the biochemistry and the effects of the venom of several species of Tityus (and one species of Brotheas C.L. Koch, 1837 in Chactidae). I refer to the abstracts below for further details on these studies.

Paper 1:

Abstract:
Scorpionism is a growing public health concern in Brazil, with the Amazon region presenting the highest mortality rates but remaining understudied, especially regarding local scorpion venoms composition. This study presents the first comprehensive biochemical characterization of venoms from three Amazonian species—Tityus metuendus (TmetuV), Tityus silvestris (TsilvV), and Brotheas amazonicus (BamazV)—using an integrated approach combining Multi-Enzymatic Limited Digestion (MELD)-based bottom-up proteomics, highresolution LC-MS/MS, chromatography, zymography, and enzymatic assays. Tityus serrulatus venom was included as a reference. Significant biochemical differences were observed: TsilvV was rich in 20–30 kDa proteins and showed strong metalloprotease activity; BamazV exhibited high molecular weight proteins and potent phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity but lacked proteolytic and fibrinogenolytic activities; TmetuV showed the highest hyaluronidase activity and abundance of α-KTx neurotoxins. Zymography revealed a conserved ~45 kDa hyaluronidase in all species. Three novel components were partially characterized: BamazPLA2 (Group III PLA2), Tmetu1 (37-residue α-KTx), and TsilvMP_A (a metalloprotease homologous to antarease). This is the first application of MELD-based proteomics to Amazonian scorpion venoms, revealing molecular diversity and functional divergence within Tityus and Brotheas, emphasizing the need for region-specific antivenoms. These findings provide a foundation for future pharmacological studies and the discovery of bioactive peptides with therapeutic potential.

Reference:
Bordon KCF, Santos GC, Martins JG, Wiezel GA, Amorim FG, Crasset T, et al. Pioneering Comparative Proteomic and Enzymatic Profiling of Amazonian Scorpion Venoms Enables the Isolation of Their First α-Ktx, Metalloprotease, and Phospholipase A(2). Toxins (Basel). 2025;17(8). [Open Access]

Paper 2:

Abstract:
Scorpion stings are considered a neglected condition and represent a serious health problem in many tropical countries, especially for children and the elderly. In Brazil, the yellow scorpion (Tityus serrulatus) is widely found and responsible for the majority of severe envenoming cases; however, other medically relevant species endemic to the Brazilian Amazon region, such as Tityus silvestris, Tityus metuendus and Tityus obscurus, remain underexplored. In the present study, we characterized the clinical, inflammatory and histopathological responses induced by venoms from these Amazonian species in a murine model (Balb/c mice), using T. serrulatus as a reference. Envenomation with T. silvestris resulted in pronounced systemic manifestations, including elevated clinical scores, hyperglycemia, leukocytosis, cytokine release (IL-6, IL-1β, IL-10), and tissue injury in the lungs and kidneys, comparable to the pathophysiological manifestations from T. serrulatus venom. In contrast, T. metuendus and T. obscurus induced milder inflammatory profiles. It is noteworthy that cross-reactivity assays revealed limited immunoreactivity and reduced in vivo neutralization of T. metuendus and T. obscurus venoms by the commercially available T. serrulatus-based antivenom. These findings reveal critical limitations in relying on a single-species antivenom for treating scorpion envenomation across diverse regions and underscore the need for region-specific therapeutic strategies tailored to the distinct venom profiles and pathogenicity of Amazonian Tityus species.

Reference:
Zoccal KF, de Castro Figueiredo Bordon K, Reis MB, Rosa Nunes de Souza Chini PB, Martins JG, Zuanazzi BA, et al. Divergent clinical, inflammatory, and histopathological responses induced by Amazonian Tityus venoms: insights and limitations of current antivenom therapy. Biochimie. 2025;238(Pt B):159–71. [Subscription required for full text]

Thanks to Jonas Martins for sending me the two articles!

The venom of the chactid Brotheas amazonicus may be used in cancer research and treatment

 

There have been a lot of research into scorpion venom to find potential agents to be used in medicine and treatment of serious diseases like cancer. Chlorotoxin from the venom of Leiurus quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828) (Buthidae) is one example of a very promising agent in the fight against serious brain cancer.

In a recent paper by Mouzarllem Barros Reis and co-workers, they studied the venom of the amazonian scorpion  Brotheas amazonicus Lourenço, 1988 (Chactidae). I'm not going into detail about this work as this is way outside my expertise, but just mention that the study demonstrates that venom of the this species contains a scorpine-like molecule with high cytolytic activity in human breast cancer tumor lines. This opens that possibility for using molecules from the venom into cancer research and therapy.

Abstract:
Introduction: Scorpion venoms contain bioactive molecules with potential antitumor properties. This study aimed to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of crude Brotheas amazonicus venom (BamazV) and its molecular weight–separated fractions on human breast cancer cell lines, with a focus on identifying active compounds and elucidating their mechanisms of action.
Methods: Human breast epithelial (MCF10A) and breast cancer cell lines (SKBR3, MCF7, and MDA-MB-231) were first assessed for dose-dependent responses to paclitaxel, a standard chemotherapeutic agent. BamazV was fractionated by ultrafiltration into >10 kDa, 3–10 kDa, and <3 kDa fractions, which were tested for cytotoxic activity. The active fraction underwent reversed-phase chromatography, and the major bioactive peptide was characterized by mass spectrometry and Edman degradation. Cytotoxic mechanisms were investigated using cell death assays.
Results: All cell lines showed a dose-dependent response to paclitaxel. Crude BamazV induced significant cytotoxicity at concentrations ≥ 50 μg/mL, with triplenegativeMDA- MB-231 cells being themost sensitive. The >10 kDa fraction retained cytotoxic activity, leading to the isolation of a major peptide, BamazScplp1. Sequence analysis revealed 46–55% identity and 74–81% similarity to known scorpine-like peptides. Functional assays indicated that BamazScplp1 induced predominantly necrotic cell death, consistent with the activity profile of previously reported cytolytic scorpine-like molecules.
Discussion: These findings identify BamazScplp1 as a scorpine-like peptide with selective cytotoxicity toward triple-negative breast cancer cells, underscoring the potential of B. amazonicus venom as a source of bioactive compounds for cancer research.

Reference:
Reis MB, Bordon KDCF, Martins JG, Wiezel GA, Cipriano U, Procopio REdL, et al. A novel scorpine-like peptide from the amazonian scorpion Brotheas amazonicus with cytolytic activity. Front Pharmacol. 2025;16:1652614. [Open Access]

Thanks to Jonas Martins for sending me their article!

A biochemical and proteomic study of Amazonian scorpion venoms

 

Studying the venom composition of scorpions is important. It is important to know the venom composition in medical important species to understand their pathological effect and better be able to develop antivenom or treatment. In addition, scorpion venom is a treasure chest filled with different peptides and toxins that can be used to develop medicines. 

Karla Bordon and co-workers recently published a study presenting a comprehensive biochemical characterization of venom from three Amazonian species, Tityus metuendus Pocock, 1897, T. silvestris Pocock, 1897 (both Buthidae) and Brotheas amazonicus  Lourenço, 1988 (Chactidae).

According to the article, "the results suggest a correlation between ecological divergence and venom composition, with implications for both toxicity and antivenom development".

Abstract:
Scorpionism is a growing public health concern in Brazil, with the Amazon region presenting the highest mortality rates but remaining understudied, especially regarding local scorpion venoms composition. This study presents the first comprehensive biochemical characterization of venoms from three Amazonian species—Tityus metuendus (TmetuV), Tityus silvestris (TsilvV), and Brotheas amazonicus (BamazV)—using an integrated approach combining Multi-Enzymatic Limited Digestion (MELD)-based bottom-up proteomics, highresolution LC-MS/MS, chromatography, zymography, and enzymatic assays. Tityus serrulatus venom was included as a reference. Significant biochemical differences were observed: TsilvV was rich in 20–30 kDa proteins and showed strong metalloprotease activity; BamazV exhibited high molecular weight proteins and potent phospholipase A2 (PLA2)
activity but lacked proteolytic and fibrinogenolytic activities; TmetuV showed the highest hyaluronidase activity and abundance of α-KTx neurotoxins. Zymography revealed a conserved ~45 kDa hyaluronidase in all species. Three novel components were partially characterized: BamazPLA2 (Group III PLA2), Tmetu1 (37-residue α-KTx), and TsilvMP_A (a metalloprotease homologous to antarease). This is the first application of MELD-based proteomics to Amazonian scorpion venoms, revealing molecular diversity and functional divergence within Tityus and Brotheas, emphasizing the need for region-specific antivenoms. These findings provide a foundation for future pharmacological studies and the discovery of bioactive peptides with therapeutic potential.

Reference:
Bordon KC, Santos GC, Martins JG, Wiezel GA, Amorim FG, Crasset T, et al. Pioneering Comparative Proteomic and Enzymatic Profiling of Amazonian Scorpion Venoms Enables the Isolation of Their First α-Ktx, Metalloprotease, and Phospholipase A2. Toxins. 2025;17(8):411. [Open Access]

Thanks to Jonas Martins for sending me their article!

Venom of two scorpion species can be used in developing drugs against the tropical disease Leishmaniasis

 

Scorpions and their venom is a goldmine when it comes to finding molecules and toxins that can be used to develop medicines and other useful products for humans. One of the most known examples is Chlorotoxin, a peptid found in the venom of Leiurus quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828) (Buthidae), which has been used in the development of methods for the treatment and diagnosis of several types of cancer. There is a huge amount of research on scorpion venom going on these days.

D. B. Pereiraa and co-workers recently published a study where they showed that the venoms of Brotheas amazonicus Lourenço, 1988 (Chactidae) and Tityus metuendus Pocock, 1897 (Buthidae) can be used in the fight against the tropical disease Leishmaniasis (a zonosis caused by parasites of the Trypanosomatida genus Leishmania). The authors hope that components in the venom can be used in the development of new drugs against this serious tropical disease.

Abstract:
Leishmaniasis is a vector-transmitted zoonosis caused by different species of the genus Leishmania, with a wide clinical spectrum. It is a public health problem aggravated by a series of limitations regarding treatment. In the search for new therapeutic alternatives, scorpion venoms are a source of multifunctional molecules that act against the natural resistance of pathogens. This work evaluated the antileishmanial potential of Brotheas amazonicus and Tityus metuendus venoms against the promastigote forms of Leishmania amazonensis e Leishmania guyanensis. The venoms of B. amazonicus and T. metuendus were evaluated for their constituents using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR). Growth inhibition and death of promastigotes were evaluated in the presence of diferente crude venom concentrations (100 μg/mL, 50 μg/mL, 10 μg/mL, 1 μg/mL) after one hour of incubation at 25 °C. The FTIR spectra of both venoms exhibited bands in approximate regions, revealing that both exhibit similar functional groups. Crude venom from both scorpion species showed similar or superior leishmanicidal effects to the standart drug N-methylglucamine antimoniate. At the highest concentration of 100 μg/mL, cultures of L. guyanensis treated with the venom of B. amazonicus showed the highest mortality percentages, above 28%, while T. metuendus venom showed the highest activity against L. amazonensis, with mortality above 7%. This preliminar study demonstrates that B. amazonicus and T. metuendus venoms can be important tools in the search for new drugs Against leishmaniasis. Next step involves evaluating the activity against the amastigote forms and purifying the venom proteins in order to identify the best anti-leishmania candidates.

Reference:
Pereira D, Martins J, Oliveira M, Lima-Júnior R, Rocha L, Andrade S, Procópio R. Leishmanicidal activity of the venoms of the Scorpions Brotheas amazonicus and Tityus metuendus. Brazilian Journal of Biology. 2023;83:e276872. [Open Access]

Thanks to Jonas Martin for sending me their article!

The genus Brotheas in Brazil and a new species

Wilson Lourenco has recently published a geographical survey of the genus Brotheas C. L. Koch, 1837 (Chactidae) in Brazil. A new species is also described.

Brotheas tapajos Lourenco, 2012


Abstract:
A geographical survey is presented of the species of the genus Brotheas C. L. Koch, distributed in Brazilian Amazonia. Since some of these species are yet poorly characterized, diagnoses are proposed and their geographical distribution is discussed. A new species is also described on the basis of one male specimen collected in the state of Pará, Brazil. The new species, Brotheas tapajos, is characterized by reddish-brown coloration, the carapace only slightly convex and body and appendages with punctations.

Reference:
Lourenco, WR. (2012). The genus Brotheas C. L. Koch, 1837 in Brazilian Amazonia, with a description of a new species from the State of Pará (Scorpiones: Chactidae). Entomol. Mitt. Zool. Mus.Hamburg 16 (187):1-10.

Thanks to professor Lourenco for sending me this paper!

Family Chactidae

Four new species in family Chactidae from Brazilian Amazonia

Wilson Lourenco and co-workers have published four new species in the family Chactidae from the upper Rio Negro in Brazilian Amazonia.

Broteochactas niemeyerae Lourenco, Ponce de Leao Giupponi & Pedroso, 2011
Brotheas caramaschii Lourenco, Ponce de Leao Giupponi & Pedroso, 2011
Chactopsis yanomami Lourenco, Ponce de Leao Giupponi & Pedroso, 2011
Teuthraustes newaribe Lourenco, Ponce de Leao Giupponi & Pedroso, 2011

The genus Chactopsis Kraepelin, 1912 was transfered from Chactidae to Euscorpiidae by Soleglad & Sissom, 2001, but based on the decisions in Lourenco, 2003 and Lourenco, Ponce de Leao Giupponi & Pedroso, 2011 I have moved this genus back to Chactidae in The Scorpion Files. This until a new family revision is published.

Abstract:
Four new species of chactid scorpions belonging to the genera Broteochactas Pocock, 1893, Brotheas C. L. Koch, 1837, Teuthraustes Simon, 1878 and Chactopsis Kraepelin, 1912 are described from a single location in the upper Rio Negro region, Brazilian Amazonia. These descriptions provide further confirmation of the high biodiversity and the important level of endemicity found in the upper Rio Negro and in the Imeri endemic centre.

References:
Lourenco WR, Ponce de Leao Giupponi A, Pedroso DR. New species of Chactidae (Scorpiones) from the upper Rio Negro in Brazilian Amazonia. Boletin de la SEA. 2011(49):65-73.

Lourenco WR. Le genre Chactopsis Kraepelin ((Scorpiones, Euscorpiidae(ou Chactidae)) en amazonie Bresilienne. Biogeographica. 2003;79(4):167-74.

Soleglad ME, Sissom WD. Phylogeny of the family Euscorpiidae Laurie, 1896: a major revision. In: Fet V, Selden PA, editors. Scorpions 2001 In Memoriam gary A Polis. Burnham Beeches, Bucks: British Arachnological Society; 2001. p. 25-111.

Thanks to Professor Lourenco for sending me this paper!

Family Chactidae

A new Brotheas from Bolivia

Wilson Lourenco has described a new species in the genus Brotheas (Chactidae) from Bolivia (South America):

Brotheas bolivianus Lourenco, 2008 (Chactidae)

Abstract:
A new species of scorpion belonging to the genus Brotheas C. L. Koch, 1837 (family Chactidae Pocock, 1893), is described on the basis of one male specimen collected in Bolivia (W of Manoa, nearby the Abuna river) at the border with Brazil. The new species is characterized by reddish-yellow coloration, the carapace strongly convex and body and appendix weakly granulated. This new species is the first element of the family Chactidae ever reported from Bolivia.

Reference:
Lourenco WR. A new species of Brotheas C. L. Koch, 1837 (Scorpiones, Chactidae) from Bolivia. Entomol Mitt Zool Mus Hamburg. [Article]. 2008 Jul 1;15 (178):1-6.

Family Chactidae

Litter size, effects of maternal body size, and date of birth in South American scorpions

Outeda-Jorge, Mello & Pinto-da-Rocha have recently published an interesting article on litter size and date of birth in 21 South American species (first time data for 13 species). In addition, they also discuss the impact on maternal body size on number and size of scorplings. Multiple broods (without new matings) are also reported in seven buthid species.

This is a very interesting paper for those interested in scorpion reproduction, ecology and life history, but has also interest for those trying to breed South American scorpions in captivity.

Abstract:
We present new data on litter size and date of birth (month) for 21 South American scorpions species. We provide data for one katoikogenic species, the liochelid Opisthacanthus cayaporum Vellard, 1932 (offspring = 3; birth month: Jan); and for several apoikogenic species, such as the bothriurids Bothriurus araguayae Vellard, 1934 (53; Sep), B. rochensis San Martín, 1965 (22-28; Jan, Aug); the buthids Ananteris balzanii Thorell, 1891 (10-34; Jan-Mar), Physoctonus debilis (Koch, 1840) (2; Sep), Rhopalurus amazonicus Lourenço, 1986 (19; Nov), R. lacrau Lourenço & Pinto-da-Rocha, 1997 (30; Dec), R. laticauda Thorell, 1876 (41; Nov), R. rochai Borelli, 1910 (11-47; Dec-Jan, Mar-Apr), Tityus bahiensis (Perty, 1833) (4-23; Oct-Mar), T. clathratus Koch, 1844 (8-18; Nov-Jan), T. costatus (Karsch, 1879) (21-25; Jan, Apr), T. kuryi Lourenço, 1997 (4-16; Mar), T. mattogrossensis Borelli, 1901(8-9; May), T. obscurus (Gervais, 1843) (16-31; Jan-Feb, May, Jul), T. serrulatus Lutz & Mello, 1922 (8-36; Dec, Feb-Apr), T. silvestris Pocock, 1897 (5-14; Dec-Jan, Apr), T. stigmurus (Thorell, 1876) (10-18; Nov, Jan, Mar), Tityus sp. 1 (T. clathratus group - 7-12; Feb-Apr), Tityus sp. 2 (T. bahiensis group - 2; Mar); and the chactid Brotheas sp. (8-21; Jan, Apr). We observed multiple broods: R. lacrau (offspring in the 2nd brood = 27), T. kuryi (6-16), T. obscurus (2-32), T. silvestris (8), T. stigmurus (4-9), T. bahiensis (offspring in the 2nd brood = 2-18; 3rd = 1), and T. costatus (2nd brood = 18; 3rd = 4). We found statistically significant positive correlation between female size and litter size for T. bahiensis and T. silvestris, and nonsignificant correlation for T. serrulatus.

References:
Outeda-Jorge S, Mello T, Pinto-da-Rocha R. Litter size, effects of maternal body size, and date of birth in South American scorpions (Arachnida: Scorpiones). Zoologia. 2009;26(1):43-53. [Free fulltext]