First record of the psammophilous scorpion Vachoniolus globimanus from Qatar

 

Noureddine Benali and co-workers recently published a article presenting the first findings of the psammophilous scorpion Vachoniolus globimanus Levy, Amitai & Shulov, 1973 (Buthidae) from Qatar. This sandy desert inhabiting scorpion has previously been reported from Oman, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and more recently in Jordan.

Abstract:
We report the first confirmed record of Vachoniolus globimanus Levy, Amitai & Shulov, 1973 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) from the State of Qatar. The record is based on eight specimens collected from three localities during field surveys conducted between 6 June and 24 July 2026. Specimens were collected during nocturnal surveys using ultraviolet light and identified through morphological examination. This record adds Qatar to the documented geographical distribution of V. globimanus in the Arabian Peninsula and highlights the importance of continued field surveys and taxonomic studies to improve knowledge of the scorpion fauna of Qatar.

Reference:
Benali N, Al-Khulafi H, Daloul A. First record of Vachoniolus globimanus Levy, Amitai & Shulov, 1973 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) from Qatar. Serket. 2026;21(3):331–8. [Author supplied full text]

Thanks to Noureddine for sending me their article!

A new species of Bioculus from Baja California Sur, Mexico

 

Juan Oscar Gomez Del-Pozo amd co-workers have recently published an article with the description of a new species of Bioculus Stahnke, 1968 (Diplocentridae) from the Sierra de la Laguna mountain range in Baja California Sur, Mexico.

Bioculus nataliae Del-Pozo, Contreras-Feliz & Navarrete-Heredia, 2026 

Abstract:
A new endemic scorpion species, Bioculus nataliae sp. nov., is described from the Sierra de la Laguna mountain range in Baja California Sur, Mexico. This discovery represents the highest elevational record for the genus, occurring at up to 1434 m a.s.l. and complements the distribution of the genus in the Baja California Peninsula.

Reference:
Del-Pozo JOG, Contreras-Félix GA, Navarrete-Heredia JL. Description of a New Species of Bioculus Stahnke, 1968 (Scorpiones: Diplocentridae) from the Sierra de la Laguna, Baja California Sur. Zootaxa. 2026;5900(4):386–400. [Subscription required for full text]

Thanks to Oscar for sending me their article!

Family Diplocentridae 

All you need to know about the scorpions of USA

 

Richard Hofstetter and co-workers have recently published a review of the knowledge about the scorpion fauna of USA. The article lists 109 species from 22 genera in the families Anuroctonidae, Buthidae, Diplocentridae, Hadruridae, Superstitioniidae, and Vaejovidae.

The article has information about distribution, habitats, taxonomy, ecology and behavior. It also has information about medical important species and their impact on human health.  

Abstract:
Scorpions represent an ecologically important arthropod lineage, yet their diversity, biology, and management in the United States remain incompletely synthesized. With origins more than 430 million years ago, scorpions have diversified into roughly 24 families and over 2,900 species worldwide, occupying habitats from deserts to forests. In US ecosystems, scorpions function as both predators and prey, regulating arthropod communities while supporting higher trophic levels. Although research on venom biology, taxonomy, and human–scorpion interactions has expanded, national-scale treatments of scorpion systematics, distributions, ecology, conservation, and management are lacking. Here, we document 109 scorpion species in 22 genera in 6 families in the United States: Anuroctonidae, Buthidae, Diplocentridae, Hadruridae, Superstitioniidae, and Vaejovidae, and summarize family-level morphology, species richness, habitat associations, and geographic ranges, highlighting patterns of endemism, restricted distributions, and ongoing taxonomic change. We review key aspects of scorpion ecology, behavior, and venom severity, and outline identification features useful for natural resource professionals and the public. We discuss stings by scorpions and human health, as well as management and conservation considerations, including habitat alteration, human–wildlife interactions, and the need for updated distributional and ecological data. This synthesis aims to improve awareness of scorpion diversity and ecological roles in the United States and support future research and management efforts.

Reference:
Hofstetter RW, Uhey DA, Totty J, Henning A, Chapman C. Scorpions of the United States: species, distribution, ecology, and management. J Integr Pest Manag. 2026;17(1). [Open Access]

A new species of Liocheles from India

 

Saurabh Kininge and co-workere have recently published an article with the description of a new species of Liocheles Sundevall, 1833 (Hormuridae) from Similipal Tiger Reserve, Odisha in India.

Liocheles similipalensis Kininge, Thackeray, Gogineni & Khandekar, 2026 

Abstract:
A new species of Liocheles Sundevall, 1833 is described based on male and female specimens collected from Similipal Tiger Reserve, Mayurbhanj district, Odisha, India. The new species can be easily distinguished from all six known congeners by combination of non-overlapping morphological characters such as carinae and granulation morphology of pedipalp and metasomal segments, median eye ratios. The discovery of Liocheles similipalensis sp. n., elevate the total number of species of the genus to seven and represent the fourth species to be described from India. The current study also highlights the need of systematic surveys along with detailed morphological and molecular studies to uncover true diversity and distribution of the genus, and clarity on published distributional records of L. nigripes (Pocock, 1897) and/or L. australasiae (Fabricus, 1775) which are likely to be part of species complexes.

Reference:
Kininge S, Thackeray T, Gogineni PC, Khandekar A. A new species of Liocheles Sundevall, 1833 (Scorpiones: Hormuridae) from Similipal Tiger Reserve, Odisha, India. Euscorpius. 2026(443):1–14. [Open Access]

Family Hormuridae 

A new species of Chaerilus from Thailand

 

Eric Ythier and co-workers recently described a new species of Chaerilus Simon, 1877 (Chaerilidae) from Koh Pha Ngan island in Thailand.

Chaerilus phangan Ythier, Kosulic & Lourenco, 2026

Abstract:
A new scorpion species of the genus Chaerilus Simon, 1877 (Scorpiones: Chaerilidae) is described from the island of Koh Pha Ngan in the Gulf of Thailand. Chaerilus phangan sp. n. is diagnosed and compared with its closely related congeners known from the Thai mainland and surrounding regions. Consistent with recent findings within the genus, the new species exhibits subtle but diagnosable morphological differentiation, emphasizing the importance of detailed comparative morphology for resolving localized diversity in Southeast Asian Chaerilus. The discovery of this insular taxon raises the total number of confirmed Chaerilus species in Thailand to six.

Reference:
Ythier E, Košulič O, Lourenco WR. A new species of Chaerilus Simon, 1877 from the island of Koh Pha Ngan, Thailand (Scorpiones: Chaerilidae). Arachnology. 2026;20(6):753–7. [Author supplied full text]

Thanks to Eric for informing me about this article!

Family Chaerilidae 

Daytime activity in Androctonus amoreuxi during locust outbreak in Mauritania

 

It is well known that scorpions are mainly nocturnal to avoid sun and high temperatures, and to avoid being eaten and killed by predators. Harington (1981) reported daytime activity in Parabuthus Villosus (Peters, 1862) (Buthidae) in Nambia and refered to similar observation in a few other species. But these are exceptions.

Koutaro Ould Maeno and co-workers have recently published an article describing daytime activity in Androctonus amoreuxi (Audouin,1826) (Buthidae) during a locust outbreak in Mauritania. This happened despite very high surface temperatures. Daytime activity has never been reported in this species previously.

The authors suggest that the unusual high availability of prey has triggered an opportunistic daytime prey capture during the outbreak and this show that this species has the potential of predatory flexibility.

Abstract:
During a desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria) outbreak in Mauritania in 2025, we observed a typically nocturnal fattail scorpion (Androctonus amoreuxi) emerge from its burrow and capture a marching last-instar locust nymph during the hottest part of the day. After repeatedly stinging the nymph, the scorpion attempted to carry it back to its burrow but abandoned the prey after briefly crossing sun-exposed ground where the surface temperature reached 48°C. Excavation of the burrow revealed another paralyzed locust nymph stored underground, suggesting possible prey storage. In subsequent experiments in bright conditions, this scorpion readily attacked, captured and envenomated eight active locust nymphs in succession. During more than 15 years of fieldwork in the Sahara Desert, we have never observed daytime surface activity by this scorpion species except during desert locust outbreaks. These observations suggest that unusually high prey availability may promote opportunistic daytime foraging by this nocturnal predator, suggesting adaptive predatory flexibility.

Reference:
Maeno KO, Benahi AS, Jaavar MEH. Daytime predation by a nocturnal scorpion on marching desert locust nymphs during an outbreak. J Orthoptera Res. 2026;35(2):343–6. [Open Access]

Thanks to Matt Simon for informing me about this article! 

Can analysis of venom be an important tool for species delimitation - a test case with Italian Euscorpius

Scorpion venom is a cocktail of different biological compounds, something that makes the venom of many species a potential treasure chest for medical and biochemical research. Scorpion venom may also have a potential utility in scorpion systematics. 

Javier Blasco-Arostegui and co-workers have recently published a study to see if scorpion venom may be a useful utility for species delimitation compared to other independent sources of taxonomic evidence. Venom mass fingerprinting (MFP) was used on the venom from 52 populations of eight Italian species of the scorpion genus Euscorpius Thorell, 1876, a genus known for many cryptic species.

This article is quite outside my competence, but the authors conclusion is that "MFPs appear highly effective for species discrimination across various levels of relatedness, DNA-based approaches currently provide higher resolution with limited taxon sampling. Venom MFPs may achieve comparable discriminatory power with broader taxon sampling and methodological optimization" (p. 16). In layman language, analysis of venom seem to be a good tool to supplement other DNA-based tools for identifying and separating taxa.

Abstract:
Scorpion venoms are complex mixtures of bioactive compounds including proteins, peptides and enzymes. Although venoms exhibit substantial intraspecific variation, some compounds appear to be species-specific, highlighting their potential as chemotaxonomic markers. Venom mass fingerprints (MFPs) derived from Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight (MALDI-TOF) Mass Spectrometry (MS) have been proposed as a means of delimiting species. However, their utility for species delimitation has rarely been evaluated against independent sources of taxonomic evidence. In the present study, the performance of MALDI-TOF MS-based venom peptide barcoding (mass ranges of m/z 800‒4500 and m/z 3000‒10,000) was assessed in 52 populations of eight Italian species of the scorpion genus Euscorpius Thorell, 1876, representing different levels of evolutionary divergence, by comparing venom MFPs with mitochondrial Cytochrome c Oxidase Subunit I (COI) DNA barcodes. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) based on Jaccard distances of 52 venom MFPs (one per population) recovered seven distinct, statistically supported species clusters that were mostly congruent with analyses based on COI. Hierarchical clustering analyses using the intersection-based distances of the same MFPs consistently recovered the two major Euscorpius species complexes and revealed geographically structured subclades congruent with COI data. Venom profiles successfully discriminated among both closely and distantly related species in similarity-based analyses, recovering patterns broadly consistent with established phylogenetic hypotheses. Phylogenetic reconstruction with Maximum Likelihood, based solely on venom characters, obtained less resolution at deeper evolutionary levels, with lower nodal support and some incongruence with the topology obtained from the DNA sequences. The results demonstrate that venom MFPs constitute a useful source of data for species delimitation, particularly for resolving cryptic species complexes and morphologically conserved taxa, complementing morphological and DNA sequence data in integrative taxonomy. Broader taxon sampling, together with improved signal detection and character selection (filtering ion signals), may increase the utility of venom MFPs for phylogenetic analysis by increasing the number of phylogenetically informative characters.

Reference:
Blasco-Aróstegui J, Roppo M, Prendini L, Predel R. Venom mass fingerprints for species delimitation, reloaded: A test case with Italian scorpions (Euscorpius). Toxicon: X. 2026;32. [Open Access]

An updated overview of the scorpion fauna of Libya

 

Faraj Aboshaala and co-workers have recently published an updated overview of the species reported from Libya and their distribution patters in the country. 28 species in 12 genera from the families Buthidae, Euscorpiidae and Scorpionidae are reported.

Abstract:
Libya, one of the largest countries in North Africa, is characterized by a Mediterranean climate along its northern coast and an extensive hot desert climate across much of its territory. These environmental conditions provide suitable habitats for a diverse assemblage of scorpion species adapted to arid ecosystems. Despite this ecological suitability, the scorpion fauna of Libya remains inadequately documented, with previous studies largely restricted to individual species or limited geographic regions. Therefore, the present study aimed to update the inventory of Libyan scorpions through the examination of specimens collected from several localities between January 2020 and May 2025, combined with a comprehensive review of previously published records. The revised checklist comprises 28 scorpion species belonging to 12 genera and three families. The family Buthidae is the most diverse, encompassing 10 genera and 26 species, whereas the families Euscorpiidae and Scorpionidae are each represented by a single genus and species. A critical taxonomic reassessment resulted in the exclusion of three species—Androctonus crassicauda, Buthus occitanus, and Leiurus quinquestriatus—from the Libyan fauna. Endemic species account for 21.4% of the total diversity, with six species being restricted to Libya. Analysis of species distribution revealed that Androctonus amoreuxi and Androctonus australis are the most widespread species, each occurring in approximately 75% of the surveyed localities, whereas nine species were recorded from only a single site. At the regional level, Misurata and Tajura exhibited the highest species richness, each supporting eight scorpion species. Overall, scorpion diversity is particularly pronounced in northwestern Libya, where the convergence of Mediterranean and desert climatic conditions creates favorable habitats for a wide range of taxa. Nevertheless, the country’s scorpion fauna remains incompletely explored, highlighting the need for further systematic surveys and taxonomic investigations to achieve a comprehensive understanding of Libya’s scorpion biodiversity.

Reference:
Aboshaala F, Sadine SE, Ghaliow M, Stathi I, Badry A, Souilem Z, et al. First Exhaustive List and Distribution Pattern of Scorpions in Libya (Arachnida: Scorpiones). Annals of Arid Zone. 2026;65(3):227–38. [Open Access]

Thanks to Victoria for informing me about this article! 

Long-read mitogenomes reveal hidden control-region architecture in Smeringurus mesaensis with implications for vaejovid systematics

 

Matt Simon (https://instagram.com/crawly.creepy) made me recently aware of a new article from Matthew Graham and co-workers on the mitochondrial genome for the genus Smeringurus Haradon, 1983 (Vajeovidae). This stuff is way over my head and I had planned to not blog about it, but it turns out that the results have implications for vaejovid systematics and should be mentioned in the blog. 

Fortunately, I have been allowed to use Matt's review of the papers content and bring them to you in this post. And those interested can check out the article to see if you understand more than I do. :)

The researchers of the study set out to recover the first mitochondrial genome for the genus Smeringurus. However, one part of the genome was persistently difficult to recover. "What first appeared to be an incomplete or problematic portion of the genome gradually resolved...into a large and remarkably orderly tandem-repeat array in the control region" of the mitochondrial genome.

This is a new finding. It is significant because it shows "the control region as a structured and, potentially, an evolutionarily informative component of scorpion mitogenomes." The authors believe that this finding brings clarity to a difficult mitogenomic region that in the past was under-recognized because researchers were unable to make sense of it.

However, it's complicated. The researchers observe that this repeat array in the mitogenomic control region occurs in some other scorpion taxa, but it does not occur in all scorpion groups.

Lastly, the authors note that their study has implications for vaejovid systematics. "Within the limits of currently available mitogenomic sampling, S. mesaensis was recovered as sister to the remaining sampled vaejovids. That placement is notable because it is broadly consistent with earlier studies that also placed Smeringurus or Smeringurinae near the base of Vaejovidae."

However, the researchers note, prior work by Santibáñez-López et al. with phylogenomic data "recovered Smeringurinae...not as sister to the remaining vaejovids, but as a long branch nested within the family." That means the two techniques led to different systematic pictures. "That contrast suggests that the placement of Smeringurinae may remain sensitive to character sampling and analytical scale."

Abstract:
Repetitive regions of animal mitochondrial genomes are biologically informative but often difficult to assemble, raising the possibility that structured variation in mitochondrial control regions may be overlooked, especially in short-read datasets. We used Oxford Nanopore long-read sequencing to assemble five complete mitochondrial genomes of the dune scorpion Smeringurus mesaensis and resolve and validate the structure of the mitochondrial control region. In all five individuals, the 1598–1600 bp control region contained six complete 202 bp tandem repeats and one 92 bp terminal partial repeat. Mean control-region coverage ranged from 15.9× to 49.8×, with 10–33 reads spanning the 5′ repeat-array boundary, 14–25 spanning a central repeat junction, and three reads spanning the complete repeat array. Despite this repetitive architecture, the arrays were highly organized: repeats R2–R6 were identical within individuals, whereas R1 and the terminal partial repeat retained consistent positional differences. The 5′ non-repeat region showed significant local similarity to the control regions of Vaejovis mexicanus and V. smithi (72.8% and 69.6% identity), whereas the 202 bp repeat produced only short, nonsignificant matches. This pattern suggests that replication slippage and sequence homogenization have jointly shaped control-region evolution. A comparative survey of published scorpion mitogenomes further indicated that tandem repeats are more widespread and structurally diverse than generally reported. These results demonstrate the value of long reads for direct validation of repeat-rich mitochondrial architecture and highlight control-region structure as an underappreciated feature of scorpion mitogenome evolution.

Reference:
Graham MR, Santibáñez-López CE, Murdoch B. Long-Read Mitogenomes Reveal Hidden Control-Region Architecture in Smeringurus mesaensis and Overlooked Tandem Repeats in Scorpions. Arthropoda. 2026;4(4):16. [Open Access]

Thanks to Matt Simon for informing me about the article and for allowing me to use his review of it!

Family Vaejovidae

A new species of Compsobuthus from Pakistan

 

Muhammad Ishtiyaq and co-workers have recently published a new species of Compsobuthus Vachon, 1949 (Buthidae) from Pakistan.

Compsobuthus lakkianis Ishtiyaq, Adnan, Khan, Ali & Barahoei, 2026

The article includes an identification key for all known species in Compsobuthus in Pakistan. 

Abstract:
Members of the genus Compsobuthus, is distributed across the Arabian Peninsula, central Africa and the Indian subcontinent. The genus is represented in Pakistan by four documented species from the werneri group including Compsobuthus atrostriatus (Pocock, 1897), C. pakistanus Kovařík and Ahmed, 2007, C. sindicus Kovařík and Ahmed, 2011, C. rugosulus (Pocock, 1900). In this study, we describe a new species within the werneri group, Compsobuthus lakkiansis sp. nov., collected from a semi-sandy area in Lakki Marwat District, northeast Pakistan. Morphometric data were recorded and compared with those of closely related congeners. This discovery establishes the first record of the genus Compsobuthus in Lakki Marwat and raises the number of its species in Pakistan to five. This work serves as a critical baseline for future research on scorpion biodiversity and aids in developing effective conservation strategies.

Reference:
Ishtiyaq M, Adnan M, Ali A, Khan S, Barahoei H. Compsobuthus lakkiansis sp. nov. (Scorpiones: Buthidae), New Species from Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Zoology. 2026;Online First Article. [Open Access]

Thanks to Victoria for informing me about this article!

Family Buthidae 

A potential explanation for the disjunct distributions of Western Mediterranean scorpions in the genus Euscorpius

 

The genus Euscorpius Thorell, 1876 (Euscorpiidae) is widespread and have a high diversity in the Western Mediterranean, including several islands with endemic species. An interesting case is Euscorpius oglasae Caporiacco, 1950 from the island of Montecristo. Based on morphological analysis it has been regarded as closely related to the species Euscorpius balearicus Caporiacco, 1950 in the Balearic islands. But how is this possible as the distance between these islands is very large? 

Javier Blasco-Aróstegui and co-workers have recently published molecular study where they try to explain the disjunct distributions of Western Mediterranean scorpions in the genus Euscorpius. The study confirms the previous conclusion that the two above mentioned species are indeed closely related, and it offers an explanation of how the initial diversification of E. oglasae happened in the Paleogene time period.

Abstract:
Aim: Small wood-scorpions (Euscorpius Thorell, 1876) are widespread across the Mediterranean forests, mountains, coastlines, and islands of Europe. Their ancient origins make them an excellent model system for reconstructing the complex biogeographical history of the western Palaearctic. The present study focused on the islands of the western Mediterranean, which are geologically dynamic and harbour many endemic and relictual taxa, and on the relationships among Euscorpius species inhabiting Montecristo and the Balearic Islands, in particular. Two hypotheses were tested: (1) long-distance dispersal from the Balearic Islands after Montecristo emerged following the HT/LP plutonic intrusion (8.4–7.2 Ma), and (2) a multi-phase scenario beginning with vicariance from the Balearic, Calabrian, Corsican, Sardinian and Sicilian (Ba-Ca- Co- Sa- Si) microplate fragmentation, followed by dispersal to Montecristo during the Messinian Salinity Crisis (5.97–5.33 Ma) or later Pliocene–Pleistocene sea-level regressions (3.6–0.2 Ma).
Location: Western Mediterranean islands of France, Spain, and Italy, including the Balearic Islands, Corsica, Sardinia, and the Tuscan Archipelago.
Time Periods: Eocene, Oligocene, Neogene, and Quaternary.
Taxon: Scorpiones: Euscorpiidae: Euscorpius Thorell, 1876: Euscorpius balearicus Caporiacco, 1950; Euscorpius canestrinii (Fanzago, 1872); Euscorpius concinnus (C.L. Koch, 1837); Euscorpius oglasae Caporiacco, 1950; Euscorpius sicanus (C.L. Koch, 1837).
Methods: Multi-locus phylogenies were inferred from 2815 base-pairs of concatenated DNA sequence of the nuclear region comprising 18S rDNA (partial) and the Internal Transcribed Spacer II, and mitochondrial 12S rDNA, 16S rDNA, and Cytochrome c Oxidase Subunit I loci using Maximum Likelihood, and divergence times estimated in a Bayesian framework with conservative fossil calibration constraints. Ancestral areas and biogeographical transitions were reconstructed using parametric models complemented by Principal Coordinates Analysis and Isolation-by- Distance tests to assess spatial genetic structure.
Results: Molecular clock dating and biogeographical analyses suggest initial diversification of E. oglasae occurred after break-up of the Ba-Ca- Co- Sa- Si microplate during the Oligocene (25.9 Ma), which transferred the lineage to the Corsica-Sardinia block. A likely passive dispersal event (i.e., transient lands, orogenies) towards Montecristo only occurred after its emergence (8.4–7.2 Ma), probably during the Messinian Salinity Crisis (5.97–5.33 Ma).

Reference:
Blasco-Aróstegui J, Isaia M, Barba-Montoya J, Tolve M, Roppo M, Prendini L. Ancient Divergence, Recent Island: Microplate Fragmentation and Dispersal Explain Disjunct Distributions of Western Mediterranean Scorpions. Journal of Biogeography. 2026;53(9). [Subscription required for full text]

Morphometrical variation in Buthus tunetanus from Tunisia

 

Interspesific variation in morphology between populations is not uncommon in many animal groups including scorpions. These variations may be responses to differences in habitats and/or climate. Sarra Hajri and co-workers have recently published a study of the morphometrical variations among populations of in Buthus tunetanus (Herbst, 1800) (Buthidae) in Tunisia.

Abstract:
Intraspecific variation among geographical separated samples has been documented in many scorpion species. This study focuses on morphometrical variation in Buthus tunetanus from Tunisia, in order to find morphometric features that could best distinguish different populations and highlight adaptative morphometric response. Thirteen morphometric variables were measured across 180 adult specimens. Statistical analysis, mainly based on discriminant factorial analysis, showed net intraspecific variability for males and females. Metasoma and telson size represent the most discriminant factor behind the recorded variation, which makes it a great candidate of natural selection. The morphology of this part is closely linked to the assault method and venom effectiveness which are controlled by each environment’s level of risk, the size, quality, and availability of prey. The Ouled Brahim’s and Oueslatia’s populations are the most discriminant ones when compared with other regions samples. The first population, belonging to a complex geological area, is distinguished by its sizeable segments. However, the second population, belonging to a semi-isolated area, is characterized by its dwarf segments. 

Reference:
Hajri S, Bahri L, Nouira S. Morphometrical Variation in Buthus tunetanus (Scorpiones: Buthidae) from Tunisia. Biology Bulletin. 2026;53:143. [Subscription required for full text]

Family Buthidae 

Influence of seasonality on habitat use and spatial distribution patterns of the buthid Physoctonus debilis in Brazil

 

The chose of habitat is important for scorpions for protection against predators and climate variations and for optimal access to prey. In some areas, climate seasonality has a strong effect on vegetation, and this may have an impact on the habitats chosen by scorpions.

André O. Silva-Júnior and co-workers have recently published a study on habitat use and spatial distribution patterns in a population of the tree-dwelling scorpion Physoctonus debilis (C. L. Koch, 1840) (Buthidae) across different seasonal periods in a Caatinga environment in Brazil.

The study demonstrates that the spatial distribution and habitat use of the tree-dwelling scorpion P. debilis are significantly influenced by seasonal changes, with variations observed among different sexes and developmental stages.

Abstract:
Habitat selection plays a crucial role in the survival of various animals, primarily due to their ability to identify suitable sites for development. In Caatinga regions, climate seasonality has a strong effect on vegetation, consequently influencing the occurrence and spatial distribution of diverse plant-associated organisms. The aim of this study was to analyse habitat use and spatial distribution patterns in a population of the tree-dwelling scorpion Physoctonus debilis (C. L. Koch, 1840) across different seasonal
periods in a Caatinga environment. Sampling was conducted during both dry and rainy seasons, each lasting 3 months, in northeastern Brazil. During each expedition, six plots measuring 30m× 30m and spaced 20m apart were sampled. In addition, the geographic coordinates of each specimen were recorded, and environmental metrics related to tree connectivity and isolation were measured. The results indicate that the population of P. debilis showed a higher occurrence during the dry season (158 individuals) than during the rainy season (105 individuals), with variations according to sex and developmental stage. Female occurrence was more frequently during the dry season, whereas immatures showed a higher occurrence during the rainy season. Our results also revealed spatial aggregation at short distances, with the intensity of aggregation varying among sexes, developmental stages, tree connectivity and climatic seasons. Overall, these results indicate that the spatial distribution of P. debilis is distance-dependent, with stronger spatial aggregation occurring at shorter distances.

Reference:
Silva-Júnior AO, Celante GL, Foerster SÍA, Feitosa MLB, Moura GJB, Lira AFA. Influence of Seasonality on Habitat use and Spatial Distribution Patterns of Tree-Dwelling Scorpion (Physoctonus debilis) in Brazilian Caatinga. New Zealand J Zool. 2026;53(3). [Open Access]

An updated catalogue of the scorpions of Paraguay with biogeographical information

 

Paul Smith and co-workers have recently published a updated review of the scorpion fauna of Paraguay. The country's scorpion fauna seems to consist of at least fifteen species in five genera and three families (Ananteridae, Bothriuridae and Buthidae). 

An identification key for the known species of Paraguay is included and the article also comments on some taxonomic problems and biogeography.

Abstract:
We review and map the current distribution of the Paraguayan scorpion fauna using a hierarchical system of reliability, differentiating specimens examined, specimens not examined and photographic records. One new species (Bothriurus sp.), two new national records (Brachistosternus simoneae and Ananteris mariaterezae), and nineteen new departmental distribution records are reported. The national fauna is concluded to be composed of at least fifteen species in five genera and three families, with one other species considered to be of hypothetical occurrence and a further two of probable occurrence. An illustrated key suitable for identifying Paraguayan material is included, and comments regarding taxonomy and systematic problems that remain to be resolved, together with proven and potential medical significance, are provided.

Reference:
Smith P, Borges A, Santacruz J, Owen M. Catalogue of the scorpions of Paraguay, with an illustrated key and biogeographical assessment (Arachnida: Scorpiones: Ananteridae, Bothriuridae, Buthidae). Invertzool. 2026;23:453–504. [Open Access]

Thanks to Victoria for informing me about this article! 

A new species of Scorpio from Iraq

 

Ersen Yagmur and co-workers have recently described a new species of Scorpio Linnaeus, 1758 (Scorpionidae) from southern Iraq.

Scorpio basraensis Yagmur, Makki & Najim, 2026

The genus Jordanius Afifeh, Yagmur, Al-Saraireh & Amr, 2024 (Scorpionidae) was synonymized with Scorpio Linnaeus, 1758 by Prendini, 2026. The authors of the current article reverse this decision and revalidate this taxa to genus status again. Please note that this only apply to the Prendini 2026 version of Scorpionidae in The Scorpion Files.

Abstract:
A new scorpion species, Scorpio basraensis sp. n., is described and illustrated from Basra Province, southern Iraq. Scorpio basraensis sp. n. is compared with all known species of the genus Scorpio Linnaeus, 1758 occurring in countries surrounding Iraq. The new species can be distinguished by the circular genital operculum in males and the cordiform genital operculum in females (not posteriorly elongated), a densely hirsute body, appendages and metasoma, a distinctly elongated telson vesicle, discrete granules on the external surface of the chela manus that are not flattened, and pectinal tooth counts of 11–13 in males and 9–11 in females. With the description of this species, the number of scorpion species known from Iraq increases to 22, whereas the number of recognized species in the genus Scorpio reaches 33 [According to Prendini, 2026 - Editor's addition].

Reference:
Yagmur EA, Makki JA, Najim SA. Scorpio basraensis sp. n. from southern Iraq (Scorpiones: Scorpionidae). Euscorpius. 2026(442):1–18. [Open Access]

Family Scorpionidae 

Maintaining Sand Scorpions in the laboratory

 

Douglas Gaffin is a very experienced scorpion researcher who has studied sense organs and sense physiology in scorpions for more than three decades. His main study animals have been the American Sand Scorpions Smeringurus mesaensis (Stahnke, 1957) and Paruroctonus utahensis (Williams, 1968) (Vaejovidae).

Douglas has now published an article where he shares his extensive experiences with keeping Paruroctonus utahensis in the laboratory. This will be very helpful for others who wants to keep this species under optimal conditions for research or hobby.

Abstract:
For over three decades, I have collected and maintained sand scorpions in my research laboratory. I have learned that these animals are not only easy to collect but also accepting of laboratory conditions. In this note, I followed a population of 34 sand scorpions collected from a sand field near Monahans, Texas, and housed under stable conditions in jars in my lab at the University of Oklahoma. I kept track of their feeding and watering schedules and noted their date of death. In the end, I generated a descriptive post-collection survivorship curve for this population. I hope that this account can help guide those interested in working with these exquisite animals and provide a baseline for comparing with other populations of collected animals held under laboratory conditions.

Reference:
Gaffin D. Lessons from Three Decades of Maintaining Sand Scorpions in the Laboratory: Husbandry and Survivorship of Paruroctonus utahensis. Arthropoda. 2026;4(3):15. [Open Access]

Thanks to Matt Simon for informing me about this article!

An update on the little known scorpion fauna of El Salvador

 

Luis F. de Armas and Enrique Maldonado have recently published an article with an update on the  little known scorpion fauna of El Salvador. At least six species from two families occur in this country. An identification key is included in the article.

Abstract:
The scorpions from Republic of El Salvador, Central America, have been poorly studied. The present work confirms the presence of at least six species in this country: Didymocentrus krausi Francke, 1978 (Diplocentridae), and five species belonging to the genus Centruroides Marx, 1899 (Buthidae), including the first records for Centruroides koesteri Kraepelin, 1911, Centruroides tapachulaensis Hoffmann, 1932, and an unidentified species of the thorellii species-group. Centruroides tapachulaensis had been confused with Centruroides edwardsii (Gervais, 1843), Centruroides gracilis (Latreille, 1804) and Centruroides margaritatus (Gervais, 1841). None of five nominal identified species are Salvadoran endemism. A taxonomical key is included for the identification of these six scorpion species. Most of the new records were made based on available data on the iNaturalist citizen science website.

Reference:
de Armas LF, Maldonado E. La casi desconocida escorpiofauna (Arachnida: Scorpiones) de El Salvador, América Central. Revista Nicaraguense de Entomologia. 2026(433):1–33. [Full text supplied by author]

Thanks to Victoria for informing me about this article! 

 

New locality records and potential distribution in the future of Sassanidotus gracilis in the Iran–Afghanistan–Pakistan arid belt

 

 Ersen Yagmur and co-workers have recently published an article with new new locality records for Sassanidotus gracilis (Birula, 1900) (Buthidae) in Iran. There is very little information about the potential distribution of this species in Iran and neighboring countries. The author present a potential distribution of this species in the Iran–Afghanistan–Pakistan arid belt based on analysis of the future habitat suitability for this species.

Abstract:
This study reports new locality records from Iran and a climate-based habitat suitability assessment for Sassanidotus gracilis (Birula, 1900) (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in the Iran–Afghanistan–Pakistan arid belt. We document new specimens from Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran, with an updated distribution map and illustrations, and we model the species’ potential distribution across south-eastern Iran and adjacent parts of Afghanistan and Pakistan.

Habitat suitability was associated mainly with precipitation seasonality, precipitation of the wettest month, precipitation of the driest month, and slope. In an arid setting these rainfall variables are unlikely to indicate a need for moist habitat; they more plausibly track seasonal productivity and the terrain features that provide shelter. Present-day suitable areas were concentrated in south-eastern Iran, particularly Sistan and Baluchestan, and extended into south-western Afghanistan and western Pakistan.
Projections under SSP1-2.6, SSP3-7.0 and SSP5-8.5 indicated that suitable habitat persists across most core areas but is redistributed over time. Net change was small and negative under every scenario, from about −0.4% to −7.0% of the present suitable area, with the largest reduction under SSP5-8.5 for 2071–2100. These net values were accompanied by high spatial turnover: even in the near-future period about 44% of the present suitable area was reclassified as unsuitable while a comparable area became newly suitable. Disagreement among climate models was large and grew with time and emission level (mean coefficient of variation 28–75%), so the net changes are of similar or smaller magnitude than the projection uncertainty and should be read as evidence of spatial reorganization rather than precise area loss.

The species therefore seems likely to keep much of its suitable habitat, although the high-emission scenario points to more fragmentation late in the century. Because a dispersal-limited scorpion may have limited ability to rapidly reach newly suitable areas, the predicted areas are best treated as hypotheses for survey rather than forecasts of occupancy. They identify priority targets in poorly sampled parts of south-eastern Iran, western Pakistan and adjacent Afghanistan.

Reference:
Yağmur EA, Çiçek K, Barati H, Moradi M. New locality records and future habitat suitability of Sassanidotus gracilis (Birula, 1900)(Scorpiones: Buthidae) in the Iran–Afghanistan–Pakistan arid belt. Euscorpius. 2026(440):1–19. [Open Access]

Trends in species richness and abundance in Central Algerian Sahara during a 10 year period

 

Getting data on changes in biodiversity of scorpions and other arthropods in a region over time is important. These data can be related to factors like climate and human impact. Salah Eddine Sadine and co-workers have recently published a study of the trends in scorpion richness, abundance and community structure in Central Algerian Sahara during 10 years.

Interestingly, the scorpion richness increased significantly during the observation period. The authors do not believe that this is a result of increased biodiversity, but rather reflects the increased and improved taxonomical research in the last decades that has revealed several new, but already existing taxa. 

Total abundance showed strong variability between the years in the study period, but without a clear temporal trend. The authors concludes that this may indicate  indicating a decoupling between richness and overall population size. See abstract and article for more information and details.

Abstract:
Understanding long-term temporal dynamics of desert arthropod communities is essential for evaluating ecosystem responses to environmental variability. This study investigates decadal changes (2014–2024) in species richness, abundance, diversity, and assemblage composition of scorpions in the central Algerian Sahara. Annual species abundance data were analyzed using diversity indices and multivariate approaches. Temporal turnover in species composition was assessed using Bray–Curtis dissimilarity, linear regression, and SIMPER analysis to identify species contributing to assemblage change. Species richness increased substantially over the study period, rising from four species in 2014 to eleven species in 2024, but this rise likely reflects improved taxonomic knowledge and more complete inventories rather than a recent ecological colonization. In contrast, total abundance showed strong interannual variability without a clear temporal trend, indicating a decoupling between richness and overall population size. Diversity indices increased progressively, with higher Shannon and Simpson values in later years, reflecting reduced dominance and greater evenness, although both indices reached minimum values in 2019. Temporal β-diversity revealed moderate interannual turnover (mean dissimilarity = 0.22) and a non-significant decline through time, suggesting gradual assemblage reorganization. SIMPER analysis indicated that temporal change was mainly driven by shifts in dominance, particularly the decline of Androctonus amoreuxi and changes in secondary species such as Buthacus samiae and Lissothus chaambi. Overall, scorpion assemblages exhibited increasing richness and diversity with moderate turnover, driven primarily by changes in species dominance rather than widespread species replacement.

Reference:
Sadine SE, Zebsa R, Bensakhri Z, Souilem Z, Rouari L, Houhamdi M, et al. A Decade of Change: Trends in Scorpion Richness, Abundance, and Community Structure in Central Algerian Sahara. Diversity. 2026;18(7). [Open Access]

Thanks to André for informing me about their study.  

New location and DNA barcoding of Euscorpius vailatii from Trizonia Island in Greece)

 

 Konstantinos Kalaentzis and co-workers recently published a new, insular location of Euscorpius vailatii Tropea & Fet, 2015 (Euscorpiidae) from Trizonia Island in Greece. Molcular data was also collect from the species and a phylogenetic analysis is presented.

Abstract:
Euscorpius vailatii Tropea & Fet, 2015 (Scorpiones: Euscorpiidae), originally described from Aitoloakarnania and Fokida (Greece), is herein reported from Trizonia Island in the Gulf of Corinth, representing the first insular record for the species. The examined specimens are consistent with the diagnostic morphology of E. vailatii. The first molecular data for the species are provided, based on both mainland and insular populations. Comparative analyses further highlight the distinctiveness of E. vailatii from geographically close congeners, while phylogenetic results indicate a sister-taxon relationship with E. erymanthius, supporting a Quaternary biogeographic history shaped by the evolution of the Gulf of Corinth system.

Reference:
Kalaentzis K, Frigioni F, Panagiotopoulos A, Tzoras E, Minoudi S, Triantafyllidis A. First insular record and DNA barcoding of Euscorpius vailatii Tropea & Fet, 2015 from Trizonia Island (Fokida, Greece). Euscorpius. 2026;2026(439):1–6. [Open Access]

Family Euscorpiidae 

Delayed Cannibalism in the Brazilian Scorpion Mesotityus pusillus

 

The life as young scorpions are risky and the death rate of young scorpions are quite high. Cannibalism is common in scorpions and it seems that also mother scorpion will prey on their own offspring.  

Lizbeth Sarai Rodríguez‑Medina and co-workers have recently published a study on female cannibalism in the litter-dwelling scorpion  Mesotityus pusillus (Pocock, 1893) (Buthidae) from Brazil. [The genus name for the species is based on Prendini (2026), and the current use name of this taxa in The Scorpion Files is Tityus pusillus Pocock, 1893.]

The study tested if there were differences in offspring discrimination in females (own offspring vs. non-related offspring). Interestingly, there were no differences in predation occurrence and the proportion
of juveniles consumed in the two groups. 

One interesting difference was observed. When females were together with their own offspring, it took longer time for any cannibalism occurred. Even though this difference was quite small, the authors suggest that kin recognition could be one of the explanations for the observed delay.

Abstract:
The small size and limited defensive capacity are factors responsible for the high mortality  of juveniles. Thus, offspring recognition is an important trait for juvenile survival, especially in generalist predators. In this study, we investigated aspects
related to offspring discrimination in females of the scorpion Mesotityus pusillus. A total of 172 juveniles from 32 females were divided into two groups: females with their own offspring and females with unrelated juveniles. Predation events were recorded
daily for 20 days. Predation occurrence and the proportion of juveniles consumed did not differ significantly between groups. Females with their own offspring tended to take longer to initiate predation than females exposed to unrelated juveniles, although this difference was not statistically significant. Our results reveal differences in the timing of cannibalistic behavior without providing clear evidence for consistent

Reference:
Rodríguez-Medina LS, de Araujo Lira AF, Pordeus LM. Delayed Cannibalism in the Litter-Dwelling Scorpion Mesotityus pusillus (Pocock, 1893)(Scorpiones, Buthidae): Evaluating Kin Recognition as a Possible Explanation. Journal of Insect Behavior. 2026;39(2):20. [Open Access]

A new species of Alpiscorpius from from Denizli Province in Turkey

 

Ersen Yagmur has described a new species of Alpiscorpius Gantenbein et al., 1999 (Euscorpiidae) from from Denizli Province in Turkey.

Alpiscorpius kaleensis Yagmur, 2026 

Abstract:
A new scorpion species, Alpiscorpius kaleensis sp. nov., is described from Denizli Province, in the Aegean Region of western Turkey, based on morphological characters. The species is assigned to the genus Alpiscorpius, based on the presence of three trichobothria in the em series on the external surface of the pedipalp patella. Alpiscorpius kaleensis sp. nov. can be readily distinguished from all congeners by its orange-yellow males and brownish-orange females, the presence of distinct ventrolateral carinae on metasomal segment V, six trichobothria in the Pv series, and five trichobothria in the et series. The new species is compared with Alpiscorpius akkayai, A. hakani, and A. honazicus, all of which occur in Denizli Province, as well as with A. huyukensis from Konya Province, its most similar congener. With the description of this new species, the number of recognised species of Euscorpiidae in Turkey increases to 27, and the genus Alpiscorpius is now represented by 14 species in the country.

Reference:
Yağmur EA. Alpiscorpius kaleensis sp. nov., a new scorpion species from Denizli Province, Turkey (Scorpiones: Euscorpiidae). Zoology in the Middle East. 2026:1–18. [Subscription required for full text]

Thanks to Ersen for sending me his new article!

Family Euscorpiidae 

A new species of Androctonus from Syria

 

Ersen Yagmur and Ahmad Aidek have recently published an article with a description of a new species in the medical important genus Androctonus Ehrenberg, 1828 (Buthidae) from The Deir ez-Zor Province in Syria.

Androctonus auzaricus Yagmur & Aidek, 2026

The article has an identification key for the genus Androctonus in Syria.

Abstract:
A new scorpion species, Androctonus auzaricus sp. n., is described and illustrated from Deir ez-Zor Province, Syria. This species represents the first record of the genus Androctonus from Deir ez-Zor Province and the first formally described species of the genus from Syria. The new species is compared with congeners from Iraq, Jordan and Turkey, particularly A. turkiyensis, which was recently described from nearby areas in Turkey.

Reference:
Yağmur EA, Aidek AE. Androctonus auzaricus (Scorpiones: Buthidae) a new scorpion species from Deir ez-Zor Province, Syria. Journal of Natural History. 2026;60(29-32):1663–80. [Subscription required for full text]

Family Buthidae 

Taxonomic comments on some species of Bothriurus from Brazil and one new species

 

Wilson Lourenco and co-workers have recently published an article with considerations of some species in Bothriurus Peters, 1861 (Bothriuridae) from the state of Paranà in Brazil. Main findings:

Bothriurus trifinium Lourenço, Wilme & Ythier, 2026 [New species from the Northwest of the state of Paraná in Brazil.]

Bothriurus semiellipticus Prado, 1934 [Raised to species status from synonymy with B. bonariensis (C.L. Koch, 1842).]

Abstract:
A new species, Bothriurus trifinium sp. n. is described from an area of Riparian wet-forests in the Northwest of the state of Paraná in Brazil. The new species can be associated with other species previously described from the nearby regions of Paraná but also from Mato Grosso do Sul and Paraguay. The description of this new species attests once again about the existence of micro-endemic populations within different groups of Bothriurus. Comments are also proposed on the taxonomic status of some previously described species, with one species revalidated and some synonymies suggested.

Reference:
Lourenço WR, Wilmé L, Ythier É. New considerations on the species of the genus Bothriurus Peters (Scorpiones: Bothriuridae) described or cited from the state of Paraná, Brazil and description of a new species. Faunitaxys. 2026;14(56):1–10. [Open Access]

Thanks to Eric for informing me about this article!

Family Bothriruidae 

A new species of Janalychas from India

 

Sudheer Kumar Jena and Pratyush Mohapatra have recently published an article describing a new species of Janalychas Kovarik, 2019 (Buthidae) from the Deccan Peninsula in India.

Janalychas fulvus Jena & Mohapatra, 2026

Abstract:
A novel buthid scorpion of the genus Janalychas Kovařík, 2019 is described from the Amrabad Tiger Reserve, Telangana, based on an integrative approach combining morphological and molecular data for South Asian representatives. Morphologically, the new species is most similar to J. farkasi (Kovařík, 1997) from Nepal, but can be distinguished by the presence of a single carina on the mesosomal tergites (vs. three in J. farkasi) and the presence of denticles on sternite V. It can also be readily differentiated from its Indian congeners by a unique combination of morphological traits and its characteristic yellow, patterned coloration.

Reference:
Jena SK, Mohapatra PP. A new species of Janalychas Kovařík, 2019 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) from the Deccan Peninsula, India. Arthropoda Selecta. 2026;35(1):79–95. [Open Access]

Thanks to Victoria for informing me about the new species. 

Family Buthidae 

A new species of Liocheles from Western Himalays, India

 

Virender K. Bhardwaj and co-workers recently described a new species of Liocheles Sundevall, 1833 (Hormuridae) from Western Himalayas in India.

Liocheles gracilipalpus Bhardwaj, Katal, Lalremsanga & Mirza, 2026

Abstract:
Sampling in the Western Himalayas of India led to the discovery of a population of the genus Liocheles Sundevall, 1833, that differes from all Indian congeners. Molecular and morphological data confirmed the distinctiveness of the population, which is here described as a new species. The new species is morphologically similar to L. longimanus (Werner, 1939), from which it differs in the arrangement of trichobothria on external patella and structure of the hemispermatophore. A preliminary molecular phylogeny of the family Hormuridae based on the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene is presented.

Reference:
Bhardwaj VK, Katal S, Lalremsanga HT, Mirza ZA. A new species of Liocheles Sundevall, 1833 (Scorpiones: Hormuridae) from the Western Himalayas. Euscorpius. 2026(441):1–13. [Open Access]

Family Hormuridae 

Two cases of non-native scorpion introduction in Bermuda

 

The island of Bermuda has no native scorpions, but as for other countries lacking our favorite animal groups, they do get introduced stowaways. Danniella Sherwood and co-workers recently reported about two cases of introduced scorpions to the island, a Centruroides gracilis (Latreille, 1804) (Buthidae) and a unidentified species in the genus Hadruroides Pocock, 1893 (Caraboctonidae).

Even though we love scorpions, it is important that stowaways like this are intercepted to avoid more permanent populations to keep the endemic and native fauna safe.

Abstract:
Hadruroides sp. (Scorpiones: Caraboctonidae) is newly recorded as a successfully intercepted non-native invasive species in Bermuda, based on examination of a desiccated and damaged immature female specimen. A second record of an intercepted Centruroides gracilis (Latreille, 1804) (Scorpiones: Buthidae) is reported based on examination of an adult male.

Reference:
Sherwood D, Outerbridge M, Smith SR, Gosling J, Darrell M. Tails from the Isle of Devils: two new records of non-native invasive scorpions (Arachnida: Scorpiones) successfully intercepted in Bermuda, including the first record of Caraboctonidae. Euscorpius. 2026(435):1–3. [Open Access]

Differences in sprinting performance between burrowing and non-burrowing scorpions

 

Scorpions are different. Some move quickly, others more slowly. Some make burrows and stay there most of the time, while others are more active on the surface and hide under suitable objects during daytime. Eran Gefen and co-workers have recently published a study where they tested the endurance of three Israeli buthids and two scorpionids. 

The study showed that buthids are fast runners, but they tire more quickly. The burrowing scorpionids are slower, but show more endurance. The authors discuss the physiology behind these differences. The faster sprinting speed in buthids are probably an adaption to escaping predators, while the endurance seen in scorpionids is probably an adaption for digging deep burrows over a longer time.

Please note that there is a correction published for this article (it is available on the article's main page). 

Abstract:
Aerobic capacity in arachnids is closely linked with considerable structural variation in their respiratory systems. However, although all scorpions are non-tracheated and possess four pairs of book lungs, they vary greatly in their locomotor activity patterns. Many nonburrowing species express short bursts of activity whereas other species dig deep burrows within hours, suggesting more aerobically fueled exercise.We hypothesized that locomotion in surface dwellers is more dependent on anaerobic ATP synthesis, and that this would be reflected in their exercise performance and functional adaptation to potential disturbance of resting-state homeostasis. We used an experimental design consisting of two surface-dwelling Buthidae species (Hottentotta judaicus and Leiurus hebraeus), a burrowing buthid (Buthus israelis) and two burrowing Scorpionidae (Scorpio fuscus and Scorpio palmatus). Maximum running speeds were higher for buthids, which were also more prone to fatigue than scorpionids. Higher respiratory exchange ratios recorded for buthids during activity and subsequent recovery indicated a higher reliance on anaerobically fueled locomotion compared with scorpionids. Our data show that quicker removal of excess CO2 resulting from anaerobic exercise and hemolymph buffering in buthids is associated with significantly higher carbonic anhydrase activity in their hemolymph, compared with that of scorpionids. Efficient CO2 emission may also contribute to the lower respiratory water losses of buthids, and thus assist in facing both biotic and abiotic challenges of surface existence, from which the scorpionid burrows provide refuge.

Reference:
Gefen E, Atiya S, David LM, Talal S. Sprinting performance is linked to surface activity in scorpions. J Exp Biol. 2026;229:jeb251978. [Open Access]

Thanks to Matt Simon for informing me about this article and for his comments about it. 

Scorpions are the most scary arthropod in Somaliland

 

It is well known that many animals and especially arthropods cause fear and phobias in humans (e.g. arachnophobia). Hassan Sh Abdirahman Elmi and co-workers have recently published a study investigating which arthropod group elicited most fear in test persons from Somaliland. The study was done by showing pictures of different arthropod groups.

Interestingly, it was scorpions that were perceived as most frightening among the respondents. This is logical, as there are some dangerous species in the Horn of Africa, but I guess this is also the case for centipedes and spiders.

Strangely, they used a picture of the North American buthid Centruroides vittatus (Say, 1821)  in the test, and not a native species like a member of the medical important genus Parabuthus Pocock, 1890.

Abstract:
Spiders and other arachnids evoke fear in humans. This may be interpreted as a consequence of encounters with these venomous invertebrates during our evolutionary past. However, fear of arachnids has been poorly studied in human populations inhabiting the African savannas, where human ancestors evolved. Here, we analyzed patterns of subjective fear elicited by terrestrial invertebrates (47 species) among Somali people (207 respondents). The scorpion emerged as the most frightening of the examined species, with the giant centipede ranking second. These fears were reasonable, as both scorpions and centipedes possess venom with pronounced toxic effects and are abundant in the region. In contrast, spiders were less frequently ranked among the top  positions in reported fear. This finding further supported the view that scorpions, rather than spiders, represent the most fear-relevant arthropods in the ancestral environment of human evolution. Thus, evolutionary explanations of spider fear are further challenged.

Reference:
Elmi HSA, Frýdlová P, Janovcová M, Berti DA, Král D, Kovařík F, et al. Scorpion first: fear of arthropods in the Horn of Africa. Human Dimensions of Wildlife. 2026:1–7. [Subscription required for full text]

Thanks to Frantisek Kovarik for informing me about this article! 

A new species of the little known genus Cicileus from Algeria

 

Lotfi Derradj and co-workers recently published an article describing a new species in the little known genus Cicileus Vachon, 1948 from southern Algeria.

Cicileus derradji Yagmur, Benali & Bikada

The article has an updated identification key for the genus.

Abstract:
A new scorpion species, Cicileus derradji sp. nov., is described from Tin Zaouatine District, In Guezzam Province, southern Algeria. The description is based on an adult male holotype, an adult female paratype and a juvenile specimen, and is supported by detailed morphological analyses, including colouration, morphometrics, carination patterns and trichobothrial arrangement. This discovery extends the known distribution of the genus Cicileus approximately 500 km southwestward within Algeria. With the addition of this species, the number of recognised species in the genus increases to six. The new species is compared with all previously known species of Cicileus, and detailed colour photographs, including images taken under ultraviolet illumination, are provided.

Reference:
Derradj L, Aydın Yağmur E, Benali N, Bikada M. Cicileus derradji sp. nov., a new species from southern Algeria (Scorpiones: Buthidae). African Zoology. 2026:1–11. [Subscription required for full text]

Thanks to Ersen Yagmur and Noureddine Benali for informing me about their new article!

Family Buthidae 

Formalization of a few taxonomcial decisions

 

Victoria Tang has previously published a number of nomenclatural, taxonomic, and faunistic acts in a an article that is formally not valid according to the Code of Zoological Nomenclature. She has now published some of these decisions formally in the journal Euscorpius. Here are some main takeaways;

Scorpiops langxian Qi et al., 2005 and S. pococki Qi et al., 2005 (Scorpiopidae) are declared nomina dubia and junior subjective synonyms of S. tibetanus Hirst, 191.

Reddyanus wenjieae Huang et al., 2025 (Buthidae) is considered  nomen dubium.

Chaerilus tessellatus Qi et al., 2005 (Chaerilidae) is considered  nomen dubium.

Scorpiops hardwickii (Gervais, 1843) and S. petersii Pocock, 1893 (Scorpiopidae) are not distributed in China.

The article has also an discussion about the status of some of the populations of Scorpiops tibetanus Hirst, 1911 in China.

The author encourages readers to also read the original article for a deeper understanding of the arguments for her decisions. Readers are also recommended to read her article "Misapplication of statistics in scorpiology: a case study" for more information about the challenges in scorpion taxonomy that Tang addressees.

The author has asked me to mention an error in the article: The term "ventral pectinal teeth count" should be "patella ventral trichobothrium count", as defined in Abbreviation. 

Abstract:
Several nomenclatural, taxonomic, and faunistic decisions put forth in Tang (2026) are formalized herein: (1) four nomina dubia, Chaerilus tessellatus Qi et al., 2005, Scorpiops langxian Qi et al., 2005, S. pococki Qi et al., 2005, and Isometrus (Reddyanus) wenjieae Huang et al., 2025; (2) two junior subjective synonyms, Scorpiops langxian = S. pococki = S. tibetanus Hirst, 1911 syn. n.; (3) one new “aspidonym”, Scorpiops obluda Tang, 2026 sp. indet. nomen nudum; and (4) removal of Scorpiops hardwickii (Gervais, 1843) and S. petersii Pocock, 1893 from the Chinese scorpiofauna. Reddyanus tibetanus (Lourenço & Zhu, 2008) is maintained as a junior subjective synonym of R. assamensis (Oates, 1888). Alloscorpiops Vachon, 1980, Dasyscorpiops Vachon, 1974, Euscorpiops Vachon, 1980, Neoscorpiops Vachon, 1980, Plethoscorpiops Lourenço, 2017, Vietscorpiops Lourenço & Pham, 2015, and Alloscorpiops ( Laoscorpiops) Lourenço, 2013 are maintained as junior subjective synonyms of Scorpiops Peters, 1861.

Reference:
Tang V. Formalization of nomenclatural acts proposed in Tang (2026) (Scorpiones: Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpiopidae). Euscorpius. 2026(438):1–14. [Open Access]

Thanks to Victoria for sending me her articles and for alle her help and information with The Scorpion Files!

The scorpion fauna and distribution in the Oriental region of Morocco

 

Eric Ythier and co-workers have recently published an article with an update on the scorpion diversity and their distribution in in the Oriental region of Morocco. 12 species from four genera and two families are reported. 

Abstract: 
New faunistic and distributional data are provided on scorpion fauna from the Oriental region of Morocco, a poorly studied area, covering 90,130 km2. Altogether 119 specimens belonging to eight species are recorded, allowing an update on the distribution of these species. A total of 12 scorpion species from four genera are recognized to occur in the Oriental region of Morocco presented here. We also provide new distribution records for newly described and micro-endemic scorpion species which is a key element in promoting their conservation in the country.

Reference:
Ythier E, Mabrouki Y, Taybi FA. Update on the composition and distribution of the scorpion fauna of the Oriental region of Morocco (Scorpiones: Buthidae, Scorpionidae). Natura Croatica: Periodicum Musei Historiae Naturalis Croatici. 2026;35(1):13–62. [Open Access]

Thanks to Eric for informing me about their new paper! 

A new species of Lychas from Thailand

 

Wilson Lourenco and Eric Ythier have recently published a new species of Lychas C.L. Koch, 1845 (Buthidae) from Thailand.

Lychas saiyok Lourenco & Ythier, 2026

The article also restores Lychas kotao Lourenço, 2020 to valid species from synonymy with L. mucronatus (Fabricius, 1798).

Abstract:
A new species, Lychas saiyok sp. n., is described from a cave in the Sai Yok National Park in western Thailand, on the basis of an adult male. The specimen was found in the walls of this karstic cave, approximately 50-60 meters from the entry. The new species is characterized by a moderate to small size with respect to the genus (42.9 mm in total length), a general coloration from yellow to pale yellow marked by a strong pigmentation over the body and appendages, which however shows a distinct pattern from the one commonly observed in L. mucronatus, the most common Lychas species found in Southeast Asia, chelicerae showing a peculiar pigmentation formed by marked blackish spots which do not form any type of reticular structure, and pectines moderately long with 22-21 teeth. This new taxon represents the 35th described species among the currently recognized species for the genus Lychas. The number of known Lychas species in Thailand is increased to six. The species status of L. kotao Lourenço, 2020 stat. n. from Ko Tao island (Thailand) is also revalidated.

Reference:
Lourenco WR, Ythier E. A new species of Lychas C. L. Koch, 1845 from a cave in the Sai Yok National Parc in Thailand (Scorpiones: Buthidae). Revista Iberica de Arachnologia. 2026(48):55–60. [Full text supplied by author]

Thanks to Eric for informing me about their new article!

Family Buthidae