Let me know if I have missed any taxa or taxonomical changes in The Scorpion Files.
Jan Ove Rein
Editor of The Scorpion Files
jan.rein@ntnu.no
One year ago, Danniella Sherwood and Luis F. de Armas published a review of teratological abnormalities in scorpions. Teratology is the study of physiological development abnormalities of in organisms during their life span (Wikipedia, 2023). Teratological abnormalities in scorpions are known to occur in most families, involving many different body parts.
Now, Danniella Sherwood and several co-workers have published an updated review of teratological abnormalities in scorpions. They have also included cases of albinism, abnormal pigmentation, gynandromorphism, and injury healing. Many of the cases presented in the article are illustrated with color photos.
Abstract:
Eighteen new cases of teratology and other abnormalities within scorpions are presented, representing new cases of metasomal duplication, mesosomal anomaly, telson anomaly, albinism, and abnormal pigmentation. Furthermore, recently published literature on other scorpion anomalies are tabulated to update the recent 2023 checklist of scorpion teratology which charted all known literature up to the aforementioned work.
Reference:
Sherwood D, Tang V, Tchilinguirian J, Lamare L, Stockmann M, Gerace V. New Cases of Teratology, Albinism, Abnormal Pigmentation, Gynandromorphism, and Injury Healing in Scorpions (Arachnida: Scorpiones). Arthropoda. 2024;2:226-49. [Open Access]
Thanks to Danniella for sending me this article!
Androctonus aeneas C. L. Koch, 1839 (Buthidae) is a potential medical important species in parts of northern Africa and knowledge about its distribution is important. Mohammed Ait Hammou and several co-workers have recently published an update on this species current distribution in Algeria with several new locations.
Abstract:
This work concerns a new consideration on the geographical distribution of Androctonus aeneas C.L. Koch, 1839 (Scorpiones) in Algeria. Historically, this species occupied the central band of Algeria, from Tébessa and Khenchela in the east, through Batna in the Belezma mountains, to Naâma in the west. Recent surveys by young researchers have noted an expansion of the range of this scorpion not only in the geographic distribution area predicted for this species by Lourenço et al. (2015) but also towards western Algeria (Aïn Témouchent, Sabdou, El Bayadh and Saïda) and towards the southwest of Algeria in Naâma and Béchar. These new data may enrich the understanding of this potentially dangerous species, but also to the known area of scorpion envenomation risk.
Reference:
Hammou MA, Dahmani W, Cheddad A, Bouhissi ME, Feghoul MA, Benali N, et al. On current distribution of Androctonus aeneas Koch, 1839 in Algeria (Scorpiones: Buthidae). Serket. 2024;20(3):257-65. [Open Access]
Thanks to Mohammed Ait Hammou, Noureddine Benali, Lukasz Kogut and Hisham El-Hennaway for informing me about this article!
For the first time in 45 years, a new species in the genus Timogenes Simon, 1880 (Bothriuridae) has been described. Alexis Barrios-Montivero and co-workers recently described a new species in this small genus from the Pipanaco salt flat of arid Northwestern Argentina.
Timogenes pipanaco Barrios-Montivero & Ojanguren-Affilastro, 2024
Abstract:
We describe Timogenes pipanaco sp. nov. (Scorpiones, Bothriuridae) from north western Argentina. This species is most similar to Timogenes haplochirus Maury & Roig Alsina 1977, both sharing a shallow internal excavation in pedipalp chela of males. This is the smallest known species of the genus with males averaging 33.3 mm, and is the only species of the genus with extremely reduced stridulatory organ. This species is apparently endemic to the Pipanaco salt flat in arid north western Argentina, and is active in spring. This is the first species of genus Timogenes described after 45 years.
Reference:
Barrios-Montivero AE, Salas LB, Ojanguren Affilastro AA. Description of Timogenes pipanaco sp. nov.,(Scorpiones, Bothriuridae) a new salt flat species from north western Argentina. Zootaxa. 2024;5536(2):277-90. [Subscription required for full text]
Thanks to Andres and Victoria for informing me about this article!
Wilson Lourenco and Eric Ythier have recently published an article describing a new species of Opisthacanthus Peters, 1861 (Hormuridae) from northern Mozambique.
Opisthacanthus mossambicensis Lourenço & Ythier, 2024
Abstract:
A new species of Hormuridae scorpion belonging to the genus Opisthacanthus and to the subgenus Nepabellus is described based on specimens collected in dry forests located in the North of Mozambique. This contribution is the first one to the African species of the genus and subgenus in more than two decades.
Reference:
Lourenco WR, Ythier E. A new contribution to the genus Opisthacanthus Peters, 1861 and in particular to the African species of the subgenus Nepabellus Francke, 1974 with the description of a new species from Mozambique (Scorpiones: Hormuridae). Serket. 2024;20(3):205-14. [Open Access provided by author]
The 400th issue of the open access journal “Euscorpius” is dedicated to the memory of the Cuban scorpion expert and friend to many of us in the scorpion community, Rolando Teruel, who we lost way too early in 2023.
In the current issue, Frantisek Kovarik and co-workers describe a new species of Tityopsis Armas, 1974 (Buthidae) from Cuba. The new species was collected by Rolando, but he died before he could describe it. The new species is named in his honor.
Tityopsis rolandoi Kovarik, Stockmann, Stahlavsky & Yong, 2024
Abstract:
A new species Tityopsis rolandoi sp. n. is described from Cuba, fully illustrated with color photos showing its morphology and habitus. T. rolandoi sp. n. is the only species of the genus with a combination of two characters: movable finger shorter than carapace and chela length/width ratio 3.6 in male. This species also has a characteristic shape of a median smooth patch of sternite V, which is almost oval in male. In addition to morphology, we present the information about the karyotype of T. rolandoi sp. n. (2n=20) and T. sheylae (2n=22).
Reference:
Kovarik F, Stockmann M, Stahlavsky F, Yong S. Tityopsis rolandoi sp. n. (Scorpiones: Buthidae) from Cuba. Euscorpius. 2024(400):1-15. [Open Access]
Shelter selection and shelters are important for the survival of most scorpions. Some scorpion dig their own burrow, others use naturally existing ones like cracks and crevices in rocks and stones, depressions under stones and burrows made by other animals.
Janina Hladik and co-workers have recently published a study investigation shelter selection (with focus on shelter size and scent) in females of Euscorpius italicus (Herbst, 1800) (Euscorpiidae) and Mesobuthus gibbosus (C.L. Koch, 1839) (Buthidae).
Females of both E. italicus and M. eupeus favor larger over smaller shelters, while they do not show clear preferences for conspecific scents. An impairment experiment showed that the scorpions could not detect size nor scent properly when either their pectines or pedipalps were impaired.
Abstract:
Shelter selection is an important task in an animal’s life. Concerning scorpions, little is known on the evaluation of potential shelters and the importance of chemosensation. To address these issues, we conducted a two-choice shelter test in rectangular open field arenas to identify properties rendering shelters attractive for female scorpions of the species E. italicus and M. prey, aversive: rosemary oil). Contact with the shelters was video-recorded under red light for 13 h, including the whole night phase. Results revealed a preference for larger shelters, with conspecific scent having minor or no influence. Striking differences occurred with regard to prey and rosemary oil scents. Prey scent was more attractive to M. eupeus, while rosemary oil did not act as a repellent. E. italicus was not very attracted by prey scent, but was repelled by rosemary oil. These findings might reflect the different habitats, semi-arid vs. Mediterranean climates: prey and rosemary are scarce in the semi-arid climate (habitat of M. eupeus), whereas they are abundant in the Mediterranean climate (habitat of E. italicus). We carried out impairment experiments to identify the main sensory organs responsible for the above observations. These are the pectines and pedipalps which function as mechano- and chemosensors. Scorpions could not detect size nor scent properly when either their pectines or pedipalps were impaired.
Reference:
Hladik J, Bailer Y, Wolf H, Stemme T. Shelter selection in females of two scorpion species depends on shelter size and scent. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol. 2024. [Open Access]
Eric Ythier and Gerard Dupre recently published an article listing up all species reported from French Guiana.
Abstract:
La faune des scorpions de la Guyane française est en constante évolution faunistique depuis les années 2000. Nous présentons une synthèse actuelle de cette région d’une grande richesse spécifique avec un taux d’endémicité important.
Reference:
Ythier E, Dupre G. Les scorpions de la Guyane Francaise (Aarachnida : Scorpiones). Arachnides. 2024(118):1-8. [Open Access]
Thanks to Gerard for sharing the online archive of Arachnides with The Scorpion Files.
Eric Ythier and Wilson Lourenco recently published a description of a new species of Hadrurochactas Pocock, 1893(Chactidae) from the Mitaraka Massif in French Guiana.
Hadrurochactas tumucumaque Ythier & Lourenço, 2024
Abstract:
A new species belonging to the genus Hadrurochactas Pocock, 1893 (family Chactidae Pocock, 1893) is described on the basis of one male specimen collected in southern French Guiana, in the Mitaraka Massif, belonging to the Tumuk Humak Mountains (Serra do Tumucumaque), close to the border between French Guiana and Brazil. Hadrurochactas tumucumaque sp. n. represents the third species of Hadrurochactas reported from French Guiana and the total number of Hadrurochactas species is now raised to nine. The disrupted pattern of distribution of the genus is also discussed.
References:
Ythier E, Lourenco WR. A new species of Hadrurochactas Pocock, 1893 (Scorpiones: Chactidae) from the Mitaraka Massif in French Guiana. Faunitaxys. 2024;12(59):1-9. [Open Access]
In 2023, Daniella Sherwood and Luis de Armas published an article presenting old and new records of scorpions detected as stowaways in the United Kingdom. In a recent article, Daniella Sherwood and co-workers present updated information on scorpion stowaways discovered in the UK.
Abstract:
No abstract.
Reference:
Sherwood D, De Armas L, Tchilinguirian J. Additions to the list of scorpions (Arachnida: Scorpiones) intercepted as stowaways in the United Kingdom. Newsletter of the British Arachnological Society. 2024(161):3-5. [Access supplied by authors]
Thanks to Daniella for sending me link to the article!
Mahesh Bangar and co-workers have recently described a new species of Isometrus Ehrenberg, 1828 (Buthidae) from The Deccan Plateau in India.
Isometrus dnyandeoi Bandgar, Kininge, Bhosale, Bandgar & Bhosale, 2024
Abstract:
We described a new species of the scorpion genus Isometrus Ehrenberg, 1828 based on six specimens near Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India. Isometrus dnyandeo sp.
nov. represent the eighteenth described species, and the first new
species described from the agricultural land outside of Ghat region.
Genetically I. dnyandeo sp. nov. is distinct from I. amboli with a genetic divergence of 8.6% (COI) and shows a high divergence with I. palani (16.2%).
Reference:
Bandgar M, Kininge S, Bhosale A, Bandgar K, Bhosale D, Suryavanshi A, et al. A new species of Isometrus Ehrenberg, 1828 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) from the Maharashtra, India. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 2024;121(3). [Subscription required for full text]
Thanks to Gerard Dupre for sending me this article!
Frantisek Kovarik and co-workers have recently described a new species of Scorpiops Peters, 1861 (Scorpiopidae) from Laos.
Scorpiops tangae Kovarik, Stahlavsky & Stockmann, 2024
Abstract:
A new species Scorpiops tangae sp. n. is described from Laos, fully illustrated with color photos showing its morphology and habitus. Scorpiops tangae sp. n. is the only species of the genus with a combination of the following five characters: chelal trichobothrium Eb3 located in distal half of manus between trichobothria Dt and Est; patella of pedipalp with 11 ventral and 17 external trichobothria; fingers of pedipalps undulate in male; pedipalp movable finger with ca. 45 IAD; and chela length to width ratio 3.7 in male. In addition to morphology and hemispermatophore, we also present the information about the karyotype of S. tangae sp. n. (2n=105).
Reference:
Kovarik F, Stahlavsky F, Stockmann M. Scorpiops tangae sp. n. (Scorpiones: Scorpiopidae) from Laos. Euscorpius. 2024(399):1-15. [Open Access]
Ecdysis (molting, changing skin) is the way that scorpions and many other arthropods grow. This is a risky part of an young scorpions life, especially during the first molts. Yiyuan Guo and co-workers have recently published a study on the strategies used by first-instar scorplings of Olivierus martensii (Karsch, 1879) (Buthidae) to optimize survival (the article use the old name for this species, Mesobuthus martensii).
The study shows that newborn scorpions exhibit special aggregate molting behavior, which increases their chances of survival. This aggregating behavior makes it easier for the mother scorpion to keep the scorplings on her back, even though this behavior is also observed when scorplings molt away from the mother's back. The cooperative nature of aggregate molting in first-instars combined with staying on the mother's back and in her care is probably an essential role in increasing the survival of the young scorplings.
Abstract:
Ecdysis is a well-known developmental feature among arthropods. Because the aggregate and synchronous molting of first-instar scorpions is markedly different from the common independent molting behavior of older scorpions and most arthropods, knowledge on the biological benefits of the unusual behavior of first-instar scorpions remain limited. Before the molting of newborn scorpions, their mothers exhibited a remarkable ability to efficiently locate the fallen offspring and help them climb onto their back, which was supported by strong maternal behavior because they climbed more swiftly than the 7-day postpartum scorpions. Most newborn scorpions molted and survived on the mother’s back, with a survival rate of approximately 100%, and most newborn scorpions survived via aggregate molting behavior on sand in the absence of mothers (89.83% ± 1.91%). The important role of the mother scorpion was further highlighted in mothers with one to five first-instar scorpions.While all first-instar scorpions individually or reciprocally molted and survived on the mother’s back, only 52.00% ± 7.14% to 79.20% ± 4.24% of newborn scorpions isolated from the mother could individually or reciprocally molt and survive on the sand, and the aggregated states of first-instar scorpions strengthened as their numbers on sand increased before molting. These results highlight collaborative molting as an evolutionary driving force for newborn scorpions. Taken together, both maternal care and collaborative aggregate molting behavior enhanced the survival of first-instar scorpions before and after molting, and these benefits for first-instar scorpions play essential and evolutionary roles in scorpion survival.
Reference:
Guo Y, Li S, Lu S, Wang X, Cao Z, Wu Y. Special Survival Strategy of First-Instar Scorpions Revealed by Synchronous Molting Behavior from Social Facilitation of Maternal Care and Reciprocal Aggregation. Insects. 2024;15(9). [Open Access]
Gerard Dupre has recently published a checklist of all scorpion taxa reported from Africa. The article also specify endemic taxa for the different countries.
Abstract:
No abstract.
Reference:
Dupre G. Les scorpions d'Afrique. Arachnides. 2024(117):1-72. [Open Access]
Thanks to Gerard for sharing the online archive of Arachnides with The Scorpion Files. Also thanks to ChatGPT/DALL-E for the illustration.
The skin (exoskeleton) of scorpions has many different types of hairs (e.g. trichobothrias and setae). These have many functions, especially as sensory detectors of chemical substances and mechanical vibrations. For taxonomists they are also important morphological characters that can be used to identify taxa.
Trichobothriotaxy is already in great use in diagnosis and description of many taxa (from species level to family level), but the usefulness of the setae (chaetotaxy) is less investigated. Graeme Lowe and Victoria Tang have now published a extensive study of chaetotaxy in scorpions with morphological descriptions of the different setation patterns in different taxa and the possible applications of these in taxonomy.
Interestingly, observations of Olivierus martensii (Karsch, 1879) (Buthidae) seem to indicate that this species uses setae clusters on pedipalps to brush the median ocelli (eyes) during sponge-bathing (cleaning behavior).
Abstract:
Chaetotaxy of the external pedipalp femur and distal ventral pedipalp movable finger was studied in 120 species, 69 genera and 17 families of scorpions. Setation was generally denser in the ‘Buthus’ group, a major arid-adapted buthid lineage distributed across Palearctic deserts. On the external femur, macrosetae formed a prominent cluster, the ‘distal external macrosetal cluster’ (DEMC); on the distal ventral movable finger they formed a dense patch, the ‘distal ventral macrosetal cluster’ (DVMC). In other buthids and non-buthids, the DEMC and DVMC were mostly absent, except in a few arid-adapted genera. Relative setation densities of DEMC and DVMC in different species depended strongly on size, being denser in larger species and sparser in smaller species, while absolute density varied only weakly with size (mean spacing of setae ~200 μm in DEMC, ~40 μm in DVMC). Ontogenetic variation followed similar trends. Multivariate morphometric analyses revealed taxonomic differences in setation patterns. The ‘Buthus’ group, other buthids, and non-buthids, were partially separable according to their spatial profiles of setation. In the ‘Buthus’ group, major genera were separable by spatial and density profiles of setation. In buthids, there were taxonomic differences in external femoral trichobothriotaxy. The ‘Buthus’ and Tityus’ groups were largely separable by proximodistal positioning of trichobothrium e1. Relative setation densities of DEMC and DVMC were positively correlated, in that species with dense DEMCs also tended to have dense DVMCs. In the buthid Olivierus martensii, DEMC and DVMC were observed to brush the median ocelli during sponge-bathing. In all examined buthids, the DEMC was located where it would contact the ipsilateral median ocellus during femoral articulation. Both DEMC and DVMC may assist in the ocular grooming of desert buthids, by removing sand and dust from surfaces of the median ocelli.
Reference:
Lowe G, Tang V. Clustered setation on the pedipalps of buthid scorpions (Scorpiones: Buthidae). Euscorpius. 2024(398):1-77. [Open Access]
Ersen Yagmur recently published an article describing a new species of Alpiscorpius Gantenbein et al., 1999 (Euscorpiidae) from western Turkey.
Alpiscorpius orgeli Yagmur, 2024
Abstract:
A new species Alpiscorpius orgeli sp. nov. is described based on morphological evidence from Demirci District of Manisa Province in western Turkey. With this addition, the number of scorpion species recorded in Turkey now stands at 22 for the Euscorpiidae family and five for the genus Alpiscorpius.
Reference:
Yagmur EA. Alpiscorpius orgeli sp. nov., a new scorpion species from Manisa Province, Turkey (Scorpiones: Euscorpiidae). Zoology in the Middle East. 2024;Published online: 07 Oct 2024. [Subscription required for full text]
Thanks to Ersen and Victoria for sending me this article!
Frantisek Kovarik and co-workers recently published the description of a new species of Uroplectes Peters, 1861 (Buthidae) from Cameroon.
Uroplectes ebogo Kovarik, Stahlavsky & Govorov, 2024
Abstract:
A new species Uroplectes ebogo sp. n. is described from Cameroon, fully illustrated with color photos showing its morphology and habitus. Uroplectes ebogo sp. n. is the only species of the genus with a combination two characters: metasoma without carinae and metasoma V and telson without punctuation. In addition to morphology and hemispermatophore, we also present the information about the karyotype of Uroplectes ebogo sp. n. (2n=24).
Reference:
Kovarik F, Stahlavsky F, Govorov V. Uroplectes ebogo sp. n. (Scorpiones: Buthidae) from Cameroon. Euscorpius. 2024(397):1-13. [Open Access]
Correct identification of scorpions is important and especially in regions and countries where there are several species that can cause serious envenomations. Boujemaa Ajdi and co-workers have recently published an article investigating whether venom molecular mass fingerprint can be used to identify scorpions in Morocco.
I must admit that this paper is a little over my head but the main conclusions seem to be that this method seems to be a reliable tool for the taxonomic identification of scorpions from Morocco. In addition, molecular mass fingerprints of scorpion venoms contain sufficient molecular variations to differentiate scorpion species. The method seems to be promising for rapid molecular identification of scorpions in the future. See paper for more details.
Abstract:
The venom of scorpions has been the subject of numerous studies.
However, their taxonomic identification is not a simple task, leading to
misidentifications. This study aims to provide a practical approach for
identifying scorpions based on the venom molecular mass fingerprint
(MFP). Specimens (251) belonging to fifteen species were collected from
different regions in Morocco. Their MFPs were acquired using MALDI-MS.
These were used as a training dataset to generate predictive models and a
library of mean spectral profiles using software programs based on
machine learning. The computational model achieved an overall recognition capability of 99 % comprising 32 molecular signatures. The
models and the library were tested using a new dataset for external
validation and to evaluate their capability of identification. We
recorded an accuracy classification with an average of 97 % and 98 % for
the computational models and the library, respectively. To our
knowledge, this is the first attempt to demonstrate the potential of
MALDI-MS and MFPs to generate predictive models capable of
discriminating scorpions from family to species levels, and to build a
library of species-specific spectra. These promising results may
represent a proof of concept towards developing a reliable approach for
rapid molecular identification of scorpions in Morocco.
Reference:
Ajdi B, El Hidan MA, El Asbahani A, Bocquet M, Hamza MA, M'Barka E, et al. Taxonomic identification of Morocco scorpions using MALDI-MS fingerprints of venom proteomes and computational modeling. J Proteomics. 2024:105321. [Subscription required for full text]
Albinism is known in many animals, but it is rare in scorpions. Victoria Tang and Zhenbang Liu has now published a very thorough article on this fascinating topic using albinism in Olivierus martensii (Karsch, 1879) (Buthidae) from China as an example.
The authors thoroughly describe and discuss all aspects of albinism in this species (origin of this phenotype, manifestation, and behavioral and ecological consequences of having this phenotype). Scorpion coloration in general is also discussed in relation to albinism.
Abstract:
This is a formal case report for the albinism in Olivierus martensii (Karsch, 1879). Albino phenotype is compared with its normal counterpart in terms of their morphology and behavior by cursory experiments. The examined 7 albino individuals (5 of which were adults) were smaller and more slender than their normal counterparts. However, these quantitative differences were not statistically significant and should be treated with caution due to the low sample size. Their abilities to detect both white light and UV light or UV-excited fluorescence were not significantly undermined, although their tendency to ensure a clear vision through self-cleaning behavior appeared to be reduced. Their heightened visibility on dark, leafmould substrate and greater crypticity on yellowish gravels may play a significant role in their natural survival. Additional evidence is required to substantiate this hypothesis as the function of scorpion coloration has been hardly studied. Several theoretical assumptions were proposed following a literature review on scorpion coloration and fluorescence, and this paper also serves as a brief synopsis of those aspects. Other three rare phenotypes in this species are also reported, defined here as piebaldism, hypomelanism and leucism. Given their existence, it is suggested that the loss of melanin in the epidermis beneath the ocelli is diagnostic for albinism in scorpions.
Reference:
Tang V, Liu Z. Albinism in Olivierus martensii (Karsch, 1879) (Scorpiones: Buthidae). Euscorpius. 2024(396):1-33. [Open Access]
The scorpions' sting and venom use is important in both prey capture and defense. Several studies have previously investigated sting use in defense and also the use of venom (dry versus wet stings and the discovery of prevenom).
Youssef El Joud and co-workers have recently published a study analyzing how various factors such as temperature, prey type, and threatening conditions influence stinging behaviour, venom usage and regeneration in the scorpion Buthus atlantis Pocock, 1889 (Buthidae) from Morocco.
Their study shows that the scorpions are more ready to sting in defense in higher temperatures and that venom expenditure in B. atlantis is regulated by both temperature and threatening conditions.
Abstract:
Understanding animal’s behaviour and adaptation in the face of threats and predators under different biotic and abiotic conditions is fundamental in ecology. In this study we examined defensive behaviour of Buthus atlantis scorpion in order to assess how various factors such as temperature, prey type, and threatening conditions influence stinging behaviour, venom usage and regeneration. Our study had revealed that stings frequency was significantly lower in cooler temperature compared to the medium and warm temperature. Threatening condition had no significant effect in medium and warmer temperature, the difference between the two conditions was only significant in the cooler temperature. Conversely, we had shown that venom expenditure in B. atlantis is regulated by both temperature and threatening conditions. Our results show that scorpions maintained in higher temperatures yielded the greatest amount of venom compared to those in lower temperatures. Analyses of proteins concentration according to temperature and diet variation had revealed that scorpions placed in intermediate (25 ◦C) and warmer temperature (40 ◦C) had a significantly higher venom proteins concentration when compared to the cooler temperature (10 ◦C). Results also showed that scorpions adjust their venom usage based on their perception of danger, which can be influenced by temperature.
Reference:
El Joud Y, El Bouazzaoui A, El-Ghali S, Laghzaoui EM, Toulon O, Ait Larradia M, et al. Assessing the effects of temperature, diet and threat conditions on defensive behaviour and venom regeneration in scorpion (Buthus atlantis). J Therm Biol. 2024;124:103966. [Subscription required for full text]
The genus Kraepelina Vachon, 1974 (Buthidae) with its only species K. palpator (Birula, 1903)is only known from Iran and Turkmenistan. It has previously been places in different genera. Hossein Barahoei has now published a redescription and also molecular data from new materials collected in Iran confirming its current taxonomic status.
Abstract:
Kraepelinia Vachon, 1974 is a monotypic buthid scorpion genus, with its populations distributed in Iran and Turkmenistan. A recent series of specimens were collected from the Sistan region, southeast Iran, during 2019-2023 and used for morphological and molecular studies. The mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene was sequenced for molecular research. Kraepelinia palpator was re-described based on the new specimens. Based on phylogenetic analysis, K. palpator was placed sister to Mesobuthus Vachon, 1950. Phylogenetic trees and genetic distances confirmed the Monophyly of all studied genera of Buthidae in this study. This study found the highest genetic distance (0.155) between K. palpator and Androctonus sp., and the lowest (0.102) was with Mesobuthus rakhshanii. Kraepelinia runs as the most similar taxon to Mesobuthus based on morphological characters. This genus's most important morphological characteristics are the placement of eb trichobothria on the manus and having teeth on the ventral surface of the third metasomal segment. The members of this species are distributed in the lowlands areas.
Reference:
Barahoei H. On the identity and taxonomy of Kraepelinia palpator (Birula, 1903)(Scorpiones: Buthidae) from southeast Iran. Journal of Wildlife and Biodiversity. 2024;8(4):184-92. [Open Access]
Thanks to Gerard Dupre for sending me this article!
It is well known that scorpions can detect and use chemical cues and substrate vibrations thanks to chemosensitive hairs and other structures on the pectins and on part of the pedipalps. In a recent article, Melek Erdek and Ersen Yagmur describe and discuss potential sensory structures found in the scorpions' aculeus. Aculeus is the outer part of the telson where the stinger starts and it is covered with aculear peg sensilla and pore holes.
Abstract:
The scorpion telson is composed of a bulbous shaped base with two venom glands and an aculeus with two venom channels that open to the exterior. The cuticular surface of the aculeus is covered with aculear peg sensilla and pore holes. These sensillar pegs are located on the aculeus surface of the telson and function as contact chemoreceptors. Data on aculear peg sensilla are presented from both parvorders, four families, 15 genera and 15 species of extant scorpions. Although all aculear peg sensilla have a similar structure in all species and sexes in terms of their general morphology, their location and frequency on the surface of the aculeus cuticle varies. The shape of these sensilla is similar in all species, and the distribution density on the cuticle surface differs from species to species. The single slit sensilla were observed at various intervals and numbers in the aculeus-bulb connection area of the telson.
Reference:
Erdek M, Yagmur EA. A comprehensive evaluation of the aculear sensory structures in scorpions (Arachnida: Scorpiones). Arthropoda Selecta. 2024;33(3):355-74. [Open Access]
Thanks to Ersen for sending me their article!
Leo Laborieux just published an article describing a new species of Tityus C. L. Koch, 1836 (Buthidae) from the Cordillera Oriental in Colombia.
Tityus icarus Laborieux, 2024
PS! Check out the the explanation (etymology) for the name chosen for this new species! :)
Abstract:
A new species belonging to the genus Tityus (Atreus) (family Buthidae, C. L. Koch, 1837) is described from the Colombian Cordillera Oriental on the basis of three specimens collected in La Vega (Cundinamarca department). Specimens of Tityus (Atreus) icarus sp. n. were collected in a patch of medium-altitude broadleaf rainforest, 1350 a.s.l. The new species shares affinities with T. (Atreus) antioquensis Lourenço & Otero-Patiño, 1998, and T. (Atreus) nematochirus Mello-Leitão, 1940, but can be readily distinguished from these two taxa based on morphometric differences and a combination of several characters. The new species is the 229th described in the genus.
Reference:
Laborieux L. A new species of Tityus Koch, 1836 (Scorpiones: Buthidae), from the Cordillera Oriental (Colombia). Faunitaxys. 2024;12(41):1-9. [Open Access]
Thanks to Gerard Dupre for sending me this article!
Tityus serrulatus Lutz & Mello, 1922 (Buthidae) is probably the most medical important scorpion in Brazil and South America and one of the main reasons for this is the species' opportunistic life style and its adaption to urban habitats.
José Brites-Neto and co-workers have recently published a study of the activity patterns and reproduction of a population of Tityus serrulatus in a urban habitat in the state of São Paulo in Brazil (in a cemetery). Increased knowledge of this medical important species' behavior and activity is important for those working to prevent scorpion envenomations when humans and scorpions share the same habitat.
Abstract:
Tityus serrulatus Lutz & Mello (Scorpiones: Buthidae) is a scorpion endemic to Brazil adapted to synanthropic life, colonising and proliferating in the most populous urban areas in the country. Here, we evaluated its activity pattern in an urban cemetery in the municipality of Americana, state of S˜ao Paulo, Brazil. Additionally, we tested the effects of species reproduction and climatic seasons on the activity pattern. The Saudade Municipal Cemetery was sampled between 17:00 and 22:00 h during 455 nights from April 2006 to December 2013. The circular mean and the peak of activity were quantified for the total number of specimens, and for specimens with and without broods. Activity patterns were inferred using a rosette diagram. Circular analysis of variance was used to investigate if activity patterns changed across climatic seasons (wet and dry seasons). A total of 25,969 records (467 specimens with broods) were obtained in the field. The circular mean varied between 19:44 and 19:48 h, and the peak of activity occurred between 18:00 and 20:00 h for all groups. Peaks of activity differed from that recorded under laboratory conditions (between 21:00 and 23:00 h). Activity patterns did not differ for specimens with broods, suggesting that the reproductive condition does not alter the species activity pattern. The activity pattern differed between wet and dry seasons for all specimens and specimens without broods, but differences were small and probably biologically irrelevant, probably because the species tolerates a wide variation in abiotic conditions. Deepening the knowledge of the behaviour activity of T. serrulatus can have practical applications for health surveillance agencies, aiming to increase the effectiveness of scorpion control in urban areas.
Reference:
Brites-Neto J, Willmer JNG, Delciellos AC. Activity pattern of Tityus serrulatus (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in an urban area in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Med Vet Entomol. 2024. [Subscription required full text]
As most of you know, there is an increasing and worrying number of treatment resistant bacteria in the world. It is probably safe to say that we are now in an antibiotic resistance crisis. The venom of scorpions have for several years provided several candidates for medical treatments (e.g. Chlorotoxin from Leiurus quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828) (Buthidae)), but a recent paper suggests that scorpions can contribute with more than their venom.
In a recent article, Atkinson and co-workers present the discovery of antibiotic-producing bacteria in tissue samples from the giant sand scorpion, Smeringurus mesaensis (Stahnke, 1957) (Vaejovidae). It is important to note that this is results from laboratory studies and more research is necessary before the antibiotic effect can be confirmed for humans. But the study opens up the exciting possibility that scorpion tissues can provide a new source of antimicrobial molecules in the war against antibiotic resistance.
Abstract:
Antibiotic resistance is a global health crisis. Our current arsenal of antibiotics—drugs meant to kill bacteria and stop their population growth—is becoming less effective at treating bacterial infections as resistant bacteria emerge, fueling the dire need to discover new antibiotics. Most antibiotics in use today have been discovered from bacteria. To increase the chances of finding potentially novel antibiotic molecules, we studied the relatively unexplored microbial environment of scorpion tissues, using the giant sand scorpion, Smeringurus mesaensis (Stahnke, 1957). Bacterial symbionts were isolated and cultured from the mesosoma and metasoma, and isolates were tested in a functional assay for production of antibiotics. Under the culture conditions utilized, most scorpion-derived bacteria were from the phyla of Firmicutes, Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria. Fifty five percent of the clonal isolates tested produced antibiotics, with most being Bacillus species. None of the bacterial conditioned media were cytotoxic to mammalian cells. This study suggests scorpion tissues may provide a rich source of antimicrobial molecules to help combat the antibiotic resistance crisis.
Reference:
Atkinson L, Shimwell C, Lucin KM, Graham MR, Murdoch B. Antibiotic-producing bacteria isolated from the giant sand scorpion, Smeringurus mesaensis (Scorpiones: Vaejovidae). The Journal of Arachnology. 2024;52(2):116-26. [Subscription required for full text]
Thanks to Matt Simon for informing me about this article!
Correct identification of medical important scorpions is very important to be able to provide optimal treatment. Many species are morphological similar and this will make correct identification difficult. This is the case with many species of Hemiscorpius Peters, 1861 (Hemiscorpiidae) in Iran.
Shahi and Barahoei have recently published a molecular study on the Hemiscorpius fauna in the Hormozgan province in southern Iran. The study confirms the validity of the following three species in the genus:
Hemiscorpius acanthocercus Monod & Lourenço, 2005
Hemiscorpius enischnochela Monod & Lourenço, 2005
Hemiscorpius lepturus Peters, 1861
This is important information as the available antivenom for this genus do not work optimal inn all cases and this might be because there are different species involved.
Abstract:
Three species of Hemiscorpius were identified in Hormozgan province, for which the available antivenoms lack the efficacy required for treating patients. Consequently, an exact identification of the existing species was deemed necessary as the first step in managing treatment procedures. Considering the morphological similarities among the species, the aim of this research was the molecular study of the samples to accurately identify the species. Hemiscorpius specimens were collected from various locations in Hormozgan province between 2021 to 2023. The Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene was amplified and sequenced. Four sequences were obtained from Hemiscorpius specimens collected from Hormozgan province, and three sequences were sourced from the NCBI for analysis. Bayesian inference and Maximum likelihood phylogenetic trees showed similar results, positioning the base of Hemiscorpius enischnochela tree as an older species and Hemiscorpius lepturus adjacent to Hemiscorpius acanthocercus, identified as the newest species at the tree's tip. The results confirmed the validity of three species, namely H. acanthocercus, H. enischnochela, and H. lepturus. Hemiscorpius acanthocercus and H. lepturus are known for having dangerous venom for humans with reported deaths due to their stings. Considering the importance of the members of this genus from the medical point of view, a comprehensive examination of all species is imperative.
Reference:
Shahi M, Barahoei H. Molecular study of Hemiscorpius Peters (Scorpiones: Hemiscorpiidae) in Hormozgan province, South of Iran. Arch Razi Inst. 2024;79(1):211-7. [Open Access]
Victoria Trang published a very useful article this weekend on scorpion taxidermy. Preserving scorpion specimens in a correct and durable way is essential both for taxonomy science and for other purposes like exhibitions etc.
Victoria discusses the different techniques of taxidermy and propose guidance for optimal preservation depending on the purpose of the specimen in question. This article should be of great interest both for professionals and scorpion enthusiasts that want to preserve their scorpions after their death.
Abstract:
Scorpions hold a renowned status as iconic creatures across numerous cultures in the world. Traditionally preserved as desiccated specimens for educational purposes, they have been exhibited in museums and pedagogic collections, serving as concrete epistemological conduits for public education on biodiversity. However, these specimens frequently lack meticulous organization, potentially misrepresenting the animals’ ethological characteristics. This brief article aims to offer paradigmatic guidance for taxidermy of scorpions, ensuring a more accurate depiction of their in vivo habitus, achievable through the use of readily obtainable tools and undemanding techniques.
Reference:
Tang V. Methodologies for dry fixation and taxidermy of education-oriented scorpion specimens. Euscorpius. 2024(395):1-24. [Open Access]
Tibet is the highest region on Earth, but has a high scorpion diversity that is still not fully investigated. Victoria Tang and co-workers have recently published a study of Scorpiops Peters, 1861 (Scorpiopidae) from Tibet, and have described three new species.
Scorpiops deshpandei Tang, Ouyang, Liu & Stahlawsky, 2024
Scorpiops kovariki Tang, Ouyang, Liu & Stahlawsky, 2024
Scorpiops matthewi Tang, Ouyang, Liu & Stahlawsky, 2024
The authors introduce a new morphological term, "ocular islet" in this article.
One thing I think is very positive with this article is that the authors have a critical discussion about the practice of describing species and when a species should be given species status. They are very transparent about their discussion of the validity of their own new species.
Abstract:
Three new species of genus Scorpiops Peters, 1861 are described from Tibet Autonomous Region, China. S. deshpandei sp. n. is described based on an adult male and an immature pair collected from Mêdog County, Nyingchi, with additional molecular evidence substantiating its validity against S. longimanus Pocock, 1893. S. kovariki sp. n. is featured by a single adult female from Zayü. This species is only weakly supported by its genetic distance from S. jendeki Kovařík, 1994, but empirical understanding of the morphological variation in Scorpiops species motivated us to consider them as distinct. S. matthewi sp. n. is based on three adult females, all collected from Xigazê. Its species delineation is based solely on morphological characteristics due to the lack of material of its morphological relative (S. rufus Lv & Di, 2023). New specimens of S. margerisonae Kovařík, 2000 are obtained from Nyêmo, Lhasa, and compared with S. wrzecionkoi Kovařík, 2020. A new term, “ocular islet”, is introduced to portray the periocular morphology of Scorpiops median ocelli, categorized into four preliminary types. Finally, a comparative matrix summarizing the quantitative and qualitative diagnostic characters of Tibetan Scorpiops species based on preceding publications is provided.
Reference:
Tang V, Ouyang K, Liu Z, Stahlavsky F. Three new species of genus Scorpiops Peters, 1861 from Tibet, China (Scorpiones: Scorpiopidae), with implications for the diagnostic values of qualitative characters. Euscorpius. 2024(394):1-40. [Open Access]
Thanks to Victoria for informing me about their article!
The number of species in the genus Euscorpius Thorell, 1876 (Euscorpiidae)has exploded in many parts of southern Europe in the last decades and the same is also the case in Turkey. Ersen Yagmur recently published an article describing a new species from the Konya Province inTurkey.
Euscorpius gulhanimae Yagmur, 2024
Abstract:
A new species Euscorpius gulhanimae sp. n. is described from southern Turkey (Beyşehir District of Konya Province). It differs by trichobothrial numbers in Pv and et series; these numbers are the highest in all species of Euscorpius in Turkey. E. gulhanimae sp. n. has light greyish yellow mesosoma, dark reddish-brown chela and dark brown metasomal segments III-V; the new species is distinguished by this two-colored feature from all Euscorpius species. With this description, the known number of species in the family Euscorpiidae in Turkey is increased to 21.
Reference:
Yagmur EA. Euscorpius gulhanimae sp. n. from the Konya Province, Turkey (Scorpiones: Euscorpiidae). Euscorpius. 2024(393):1-13. [Open Access]
Gioele Tropea and co-workers just published a new paper describing a new species of Alpiscorpius Gantenbein et al., 1999 (Euscorpiidae) from the Istanbul Province in Turkey.
Alpiscorpius istanbulensis Tropea, Yagmur & Parmakelis, 2024
Abstract:
A new scorpion species, Alpiscorpius istanbulensis sp. n., from Istanbul Province, Turkey, is described based on morphological and molecular evidence, raising the number of Euscorpiinae species to 19, including 12 related or phylogenetically close to the genus Alpiscorpius.
Reference:
Tropea G, Yagmur EA, Parmakelis A. A new Alpiscorpius from İstanbul Province of Turkey (Scorpiones: Euscorpiidae). Biologia Serbica. 2024;46. [Open Access]
Thanks to Ersen Yagmur and Gerard Dupre for sending me this article!
Frantisek Kovarik and co-workers have recently published a new article in their ongoing study of the scorpion fauna of The Horn of Africa. This time, three new species in the genus Gint Kovarik, Lowe, Pliskova & Stahlavsky, 2013 (Buthidae) are described from Somaliland and Ethiopia.
Gint abshiri Kovarik, Elmi & Stahlavsky, 2024 (Ethiopia)
Gint derbiae Kovarik, Elmi & Stahlavsky, 2024 (Ethiopia)
Gint sahil Kovarik, Elmi & Stahlavsky, 2024 (Somaliland)
The article has an updated identification key for the genus.
Abstract:
Three new species, Gint sahil sp. n. from Somaliland and Gint abshiri sp. n. and G. derbiae sp. n. from Ethiopia are described and compared with other species of the genus. Additional information is provided on the taxonomy and distribution of the genus Gint, fully complemented with color photos of specimens of the new species, as well as of their habitats. Furthermore, alongside the analyses of external morphology and hemispermatophores, we have provided description of the karyotype of G. abshiri sp. n. This species exhibits karyotype with 2n=27. Included is distribution map and a key for the genus Gint.
Reference:
Kovarik F, Elmi HSA, Stahlavsky F. Scorpions of the Horn of Africa (Arachnida, Scorpiones). Part XXXIII. Three new species of Gint from Ethiopia and Somaliland (Buthidae). Euscorpius. 2024(392):1-25. [Open Access]
The revision of the Scorpio from Jordan has resulted in a new genus and three new species.
Jordanius Afifeh, Yagmur, Al-Saraireh & Amr, 2024 (new genus)
Jordanius maysaraensis Afifeh, Yagmur, Al-Saraireh & Amr, 2024 (new species)
Scorpio jordanensis Afifeh, Yagmur, Al-Saraireh & Amr, 2024 (new species)
Scorpio wahbehi Afifeh, Yagmur, Al-Saraireh & Amr, 2024 (new species)
Jordanius granulomanus (Al-Saraireh, Yagmur, Afifeh & Amr, 2023) is transferred to the new genus from Scorpio.
In addition, Scorpio propinquus (Simon, 1872) is considered nomen dubium.
The article has an identification key for the Scorpionidae taxa found in Jordan.
Abstract:
Several new Scorpio populations are studied from various habitats in Jordan, including specimens previously identified as Scorpio kruglovi Birula, 1910 and S. fuscus (Ehrenberg, 1829). A new scorpionid genus, Jordanius gen. n. is described, mainly differentiated from the genus Scorpio Linnaeus, 1758 by the elongation and heavy patterns of granulation of chela manus, and granulated chela fingers. Scorpio granulomanus Al-Saraireh et al., 2023 is transferred to the new genus, and Jordanius maysaraensis gen. et sp. n. is described. Also, Scorpio jordanensis sp. n. and S. wahbehi sp. n. are described. Detailed redescriptions and illustrations of S. palmatus (Ehrenberg, 1828) and S. fuscus (Ehrenberg, 1829) are given. A neotype of S. palmatus from Alexandria, Egypt and a neotype of S. fuscus from Lebanon are designated. A key to the family Scorpionidae in Jordan and comments on dubious or incorrect records from Jordan are provided. Lastly, S. propinquus is suggested as nomen dubium.
Reference:
Afifeh BA, Yagmur EA, Al-Saraireh M, Amr Z. Revision of the genus Scorpio in Jordan, with a description of a new genus and three new species (Scorpiones: Scorpionidae). Euscorpius. 2024(391):1-66. [Open Access]
It is well known that scorpions can detect and use chemical cues thanks to chemosensitive hairs on the pectins and on part of the pedipalps. Chemical cues can be used to discover and seek out conspecifics for mating, but also to avoid conspecifics or other scorpions that want to eat you (cannibalism is well documented in scorpions, often larger individuals preying on smaller and larger females may also kill and eat potential suitors).
Welton Dionisio-da-Silva and co-workers published earlier this summer a study of the use of chemical cues in the two Brazilian scorpions Bothriurus rochai Mello-Leitão, 1932 (Bothriuridae) and Jaguajir rochae (Borelli, 1910) (Buthidae). They tested the behavioral response to chemical cues from a heterospecific scorpion, and the response of male individuals (B. rochai and J. rochae) to chemical cues from conspecific females.
The study showed that smaller individuals avoided sites with the "smell" of larges individuals, whiles larger predators preferred the sites with the "smell" of smaller scorpions. In addition, males of both species trailed the chemical cues of females.
According to the authors, this is the first evidence of a scorpion species detecting and hunting a heterospecific scorpion through chemical cues.
Abstract:
Chemical perception is essential among arthropods for mate recognition, prey search, and predator avoidance, especially for solitary predators which are often aggressive. Such mechanisms may be intensified in environments like the Caatinga, a seasonally dry tropical forest in Brazil, characterized by low habitat complexity and high seasonal variation. Thus, we investigated chemical perception between two scorpion species from this environment, involved in intraguild competition. Experiments assessed their response to chemical cues from prey, predators, and potential mates. We use Y-mazes to test the time spent by the scorpions between Y-arms with or without a given substrate-borne chemical cue (site preference) and the number of active individuals during trials (presence of activity). Scorpions’ activity was not influenced by chemical stimuli, although they clearly exhibit site preferences. The smaller predators avoided sites with the larger species’ chemical cues, while the larger predators preferred sites with the smaller species’ cues. Additionally, both species trailed female chemical cues. These findings suggest a dual-oriented arms race where prey and predator modulate their behaviour to avoid and hunt heterospecifics, respectively. This study provides the first evidence of a scorpion using chemical cues to detect a heterospecific scorpion and highlights the importance of this trait in arachnids.
References:
Dionisio-da-Silva W, Araujo Rocha-da-Silva KL, Veloso HMG, DaSilva MB. Hide and seek: chemical cues drive site preference among potential mates and intraguild competitors. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 2024:blae058. [Subscription required for full text]
Thanks to Welton Dionisio-da-Silva for sending me their article!
The genus Euscorpius Thorell, 1876 (Euscorpiidae) from Europa has become notorious for its hidden, cryptic species. A few decades ago this genus consisted of less than 10 species, today the number of taxa is closed to 100.
Martina Podvar and co-workers have publised a phylogenetic and phylogeographic study of the populations of Euscorpius borovaglavaensis Tropea, 2015 in Croatia. Two distinct lineages were discovered and the population distributed in the northwestern part of the range was given subspecies status.
Euscorpius borovaglavaensis flavus Vignoli, 2024
Abstract:
The European scorpion Euscorpius borovaglavaensis Tropea, 2015 is a morphologically cryptic species that is distinguishable only with difficulty from E. tergestinus (C. L. Koch, 1837). It is distributed in the middle part of the Dinaric Alps chain and along part of the Eastern Adriatic coast, specifically, in Croatia (Middle Dalmatia, Lika karst upland), as well as in the southern part of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The new findings reported here have enhanced our knowledge of its geographic distribution in Croatia. Detailed morphological analyses highlighted the importance of carination in the ventral metasomal segments as morphological traits. Phylogenetic analyses, based on the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene, have revealed the existence of two distinct lineages. One of them, distributed in the northwestern part of the range, is described here as E. b. flavus n. ssp., while the nominal subspecies occurs in the southeastern part. A time-calibrated phylogenetic analysis has established their divergence around 0.9 million years ago, coinciding with the Mid-Pleistocene Transition (MPT) period. In contrast to the nominal subspecies, E. b. flavus n. ssp. exhibits significant phylogeographic structuring, indicating recent isolation events in multiple glacial microrefugia after the initial divergence, followed by a final Holocene dispersal in the northwestern direction deep between the mountain chains.
Reference:
Podnar M, Vignoli V, Tvrtković N. Phylogeographic structuring within recently diverged scorpion species, Euscorpius borovaglavaensis Tropea, 2015 (Scorpiones: Euscorpiidae) in Croatia, with the description of a new subspecies. Natura Croatica: Periodicum Musei Historiae Naturalis Croatici. 2024;33(1):29-52. [Open Access]
Thanks to Valerio and Gerard who both sent me this article!
Family Euscorpiidae
The genus Scorpio Linnaeus, 1758 (Scorpionidae) was for most of the last century known to have only one species, Scorpio maurus Linnaeus, 1758, which has an impressing distribution ranging from most of North Africa to the eastern parts of the Middle East.
In the last decades it became clear that Scorpio maurus was a species complex with many hidden species, and today the genus consists of 24 species. However, the taxonomical and phylogentic situation of the genus is challenging, especially because of the lack of reliable morphological characters to distinguish the species and subspecies. Also, several new species have been described without genetic analysis confirming the species status.
Manel Khammassi and co-workers have recently published a study with the aim of the present study to analyze the phylogenetic relationships and the evolutionary events that promoted diversification within the genus Scorpio. The study revealed twenty distinct lineages forming two geographically separate clades, a Maghrebian clade and a Middle Eastern clade. Most named species were found within the lineages, but additional lineages found are indicating potential new, unnamed species.
Abstract:
The burrowing scorpions of the genus Scorpio Linnaeus, 1758 were considered to be a single polymorphic species, Scorpio maurus Linnaeus, 1758, distributed from West Africa across the Sahel and the Saharan highlands through the Maghreb and the Middle East, to Iran. After various revisions, the complex was treated as including 18 species and seven subspecies. Five additional new Scorpio species were recently described. However, doubts remain regarding the validity of these taxa due to the lack of reliable characters and the lack of genetic data for many species. The aim of the present study was to analyze the phylogenetic relationships and the evolutionary events that promoted diversification within the genus. Phylogenetic analyses were performed using 633 base pairs of the mitochondrial COI gene from 51 individuals collected in Tunisia, Morocco, and Egypt, combined with 74 previously published sequence data. Phylogenetic analyses revealed twenty distinct lineages forming two geographically separate clades, a Maghrebian clade and a Middle Eastern clade. Although most named species formed distinct lineages, various additional lineages were identified, highlighting potential unnamed species. Divergence time estimates indicate that the division within the genus Scorpio began during the Mid-Miocene, a period characterized by tectonic events coupled with climatic oscillations. Further differentiation occurred during the Miocene-Pliocene transition when climatic fluctuations resumed and the Mediterranean became increasingly arid. Speciation within the genus Scorpio may have been driven by the expansion of the savannas and Sahara Desert, the associated reduction of a once widespread rainforest into numerous micro-refugia in the mountains of the Mediterranean region, and by adaptation to these new habitats
Reference:
Khammassi M, Nouira S, Badry A, Sadine SE, Harris DJ. Phylogeography and evolutionary history of the burrowing scorpion genus Scorpio Linnaeus, 1758 (Scorpiones: Scorpionidae) in the Mediterranean Basin. Organisms Diversity & Evolution. 2024:1-18. [Subscritpion required for full text]
Mexico is a hot spot for medical important scorpions and at least 21 species from the Centruroides Marx, 1890 (Buthidae) genus cause a large number of serious envenomations every year. Good treatment options is important and using antivenom is one of the most important tool.
Sam Campbell and co-workers have recently published a study looking into the ability of three antivenoms to neutralize the activity of the venoms of several Centruroides species. One important result from this study is that the truly “broad” neutralization capacity of the antivenoms can be questioned as there were variations in the neutralization of several medical important Centruroides species (even though the venom of these were included in the antivenoms).
The author also stress the importance of proper laboratory studies and methods for studying the effects of antivenom candidates.
Abstract:
In this study, we report the innovative application of whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology in assessing broad-spectrum neutralisation by three different antivenoms, of venoms from the medically significant scorpion genus Centruroides. Envenomations by as many as 21 species from the Centruroides genus result in up to 300,000 envenomations per year in Mexico, which poses significant and potentially life-threatening pathophysiology. We first evaluated the in vitro manifestation of envenomation against two human voltage-gated sodium (hNaV) channel subtypes: hNaV1.4 and hNaV1.5, which are primarily expressed in skeletal muscles and cardiomyocytes, respectively. The neutralisation of venom activity was then characterised for three different antivenoms using a direct competition model against the more potent target, hNaV1.4. While broad-spectrum neutralisation was identified, variation in neutralisation arose for Centruroides elegans, C. limpidus, C. noxius and C. suffusus venoms, despite the presence of a number of these venoms within the immunising mixture. This raises questions regarding the truly “broad” neutralisation capacity of the antivenoms. This study not only extends previous validation of the in vitro investigation of antivenom efficacy utilising the whole-cell patch-clamp technique but also underscores the potential of this animal-free model in exploring cross-reactivity, experimental scalability, and most importantly, informing clinical management practices regarding the administration of antivenom in Mexico.
Reference:
Campbell SID, Chow CY, Neri-Castro E, Alagón A, Gómez A, Soria R, et al. Taking the sting out of scorpions: Electrophysiological investigation of the relative efficacy of three antivenoms against medically significant Centruroides species. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology. 2024;283:109977. [Open Access]
Thanks to Jeroen Kooijman for informing me about this article!
