Second euscorpid species discovered from the Greek island of Lesvos and a change of genus

 

Ersen Yagmur and Özgün Sipahioğlu have recently published an article describing the discovery of Alpiscorpius idaeus (Yağmur & Tropea, 2017) (Euscorpiidae) from the island of Lesvos, Greece. In the article, the authors also make the decision to transfer this species from Euscorpius Thorell, 1876 to Alpiscorpius Gantenbein et al., 1999.

Abstract:
The scorpion species Euscorpius idaeus Yağmur & Tropea, 2017, previously known from Mount Kazdağı in the Balıkesir and Çanakkale Provinces of Turkey, is reported for the first time from the Lesvos Island, Greece. In this study, it is transferred to the genus Alpiscorpius Gantenbein et al., 1999. Detailed illustrations of Alpiscorpius idaeus (Yağmur & Tropea, 2017), comb. n. from the Lesvos Island population are provided.

Reference:
Yagmur EA, Sipahioğlu Ö. The first record of Alpiscorpius idaeus (Yağmur & Tropea, 2017), comb. n. from the Lesvos Island, Greece (Scorpiones: Euscorpiidae). Euscorpius. 2025(409):1-6. [Open Access]

Family Euscorpiidae

A new species of Compsobuthus from Somalia

 

Frantisek Kovarik has recently published a study of the members of the genus Compsobuthus Vachon, 1949 in the Horn of Africa (Buthidae). In addition, a new species is described from Somalia.

Compsobuthus starhai Kovarik, 2025

Abstract:
Occurence of genus Compsobuthus Vachon, 1949 in the Horn of Africa is summarized, including a distribution map. A lectotype of C. abyssinicus (Birula, 1903) is designated. C. starhai sp. n. from Somalia (Puntland) is described and fully complemented
with color photographs.

Reference:
Kovarik F. Scorpions of the Horn of Africa (Arachnida, Scorpiones). Part XXXVI. Compsobuthus starhai sp. n. from Somalia (Puntland) (Buthidae). Euscorpius. 2025(408):1-14. [Open Access]

Family Buthidae

Climate change may increase populations of medical important scorpions in Urban areas in Brazil

 

Climate changes are real and they will cause habitat changes that may have an impact on scorpion populations. In Brazil, many species in the medical important genus Tityus C. L. Koch, 1836 (Buthidae) are found in an increasing rate in urban areas. Urban environments provide many advantages for scorpions like hiding places and prey insects and this causes an increase in the number of serious envenomations in Brazil.

Renata de Freitas Barroso and co-workers have recently published a study of the distribution of seven medically relevant Tityus species and they project the potential impacts of climate change on their distribution across Brazil by 2060. The study shows that their scenarios predict a reduction of habitat suitability for some of the study species. Climate-driven habitat reduction may cause a concentration of scorpion populations in densely populated areas, something which probably will increase the rates of human-scorpion contact and become a public health problem.

Abstract:
Urban environments provide Tityus scorpions with abundant prey and shelter, leading to increased humanscorpion encounters and associated public health risks. In this study, we model the distribution of seven medically relevant Tityus species and project the potential impacts of climate change on their distribution across Brazil by 2060. We compiled 1103 occurrence records from the GBIF, iNaturalist, SpeciesLink, and SiBBr databases and applied ecological niche modeling using climate projections for 2041–2060 from WorldClim. Model validation yielded high AUC values, demonstrating a strong agreement between observed distributions and model predictions. Future climate scenarios predict a reduction in Tityus serrulatus habitat suitability. Despite this reduction, models indicate an increase in high-suitability areas, suggesting a possible local expansion in optimal habitats. Conversely, T. metuendus, T. obscurus, and T. silvestris are expected to undergo a significant increase in habitat suitability, potentially expanding into previously unsuitable areas due to temperature and precipitation shifts. Tityus stigmurus is also projected to benefit from climate change with an increase in suitable habitats, although its expansion is more restricted compared to the other species. In contrast, T. bahiensis and T. trivittatus are expected to face a reduction in habitat suitability. These findings highlight that climate-driven habitat reduction may concentrate scorpion populations in densely populated areas, exacerbating public health risks. Therefore, targeted governmental interventions are crucial to mitigate the escalating threat posed by Tityus scorpions in urban settings under climate change scenarios.

Reference:
Freitas Barroso Rd, Cardoso VL, Alves AG, Lira AFdA, Ferreira RG, Costa LF, et al. Climate change increases public health risks from Tityus scorpion stings in Brazil. Toxicon. 2025;258:108326. [Subscription required for full text]

Scorpion fauna of the major city Delhi in India

 

Scorpions are most known from rural areas, but quite a few species thrive in urban areas and come in close contact with humans and their activities. Most towns in parts of Italy and even major cities like Bologna, Florence and Rome have populations of Euscorpius or Tetratrichobothrius inhabiting cracks and crevices in old stone and brick buildings, city walls and fences. One of my happiest holiday experiences was counting appr. 50 Euscorpius italicus on the walls of our rented holliday villa in the Marche region in Italy.

Urban scorpions can also be a health problem as is the case of many Brazilian towns and cities were urban populations of medical important Tityus species are common. So knowledge of scorpions in urban areas is important.

Gaurav Barhadiya and co-workers recently published a survey of the scorpion fauna of India’s capital, Dehli. They discovered four species from two families. Fortunately, the species found are probably not posing a health danger.

Abstract:
Delhi, one of the world’s most populous cities, hosts a diverse array of urban habitats amidst its limited green cover. Scorpions, distinguished by their venomous stings and ancient lineage, thrive in Delhi’s semi-arid climate. Despite their ecological significance, studies on scorpion diversity in urban environments remain scarce. This study aimed to address this gap by conducting the first systematic assessment of scorpion diversity in Delhi. Field surveys were conducted during both day and night to collect specimens, which were then identified using established taxonomic keys. Four scorpion species from two families were recorded, including Chersonesometrus fulvipes, Isometrus maculatus, Compsobuthus rugosulus, and Lychas cf. biharensis. The semi-arid climate of Delhi, within the Punjab plains biogeographic province, provides a conducive environment for scorpion species to inhabit. This study serves as a preliminary assessment of scorpion diversity in Delhi and underscores the need for further dedicated surveys to comprehensively understand their distribution and ecology in the region.

Reference:
Barhadiya G, Pandey P, Sultana A, Mohapatra PP, Das SK. Scorpion fauna of urban Delhi, India. Rec Zool Surv India. 2025;125(1):57-62. [Open Access]

An overview of the scorpion fauna of the Iberian Peninsula

 

                                            Illustration: Rowanwindwhistler Wikipedia CC-BY-SA

The scorpion fauna in the Iberian Peninsula has grown from a few species to more than 20 in the last two decades. Gerard Dupre has recently published an overview of the current scorpion fauna from this region in Europe.

Abstract:
No abstract.

Reference:
Dupre G. La faune scorpionique de la Péninsule Ibérique (Arachnida : Scorpiones). Arachnides. 2025(121):8-12. [Open Access]

Thanks to Gerard for sharing the content of Arachnides with The Scorpion Files!

A new species of Scorpiops from India

 

Shubhankar Deshpande and co-workers have recently published a study on Scorpiops Peters, 1861 (Scorpiopidae) from India with the description of a new species.

Scorpiops bahunetra Deshpande, Joshi, Ukale, Bastawade, Tang, Gowande, Monod & Sulakhe, 2025

Abstract:
The genus Scorpiops Peters, 1861 exhibits significant diversity, especially in Peninsular India. From our continued arachnological surveys in the Western Ghats and Peninsular India, we describe a new species based on molecular and morphological data. Furthermore, additional sampling revealed new species with distinct molecular signatures, but future investigation is warranted to gather additional data before species are formally described.

Reference:
Deshpande S, Joshi M, Ukale S, Bastawade D, Tang V, Gowande G, et al. In the rocks: An integrative assessment of Scorpiops Peters, 1861 (Scorpiones: Scorpiopidae) in peninsular India with a description of a new species. Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity. 2025;18. [Open Access]

Thanks to Gerard for informing me about this article!

Family Scorpiopidae

A new species of Compsobuthus from Southeastern Iran

 

Fahimeh Vahidinia and co-workers have recently published an article describing a new species of Compsobuthus Vachon, 1949 (Buthidae) from Southeastern Iran. 

Compsobuthus yagi Barahoei, 2025

Abstract:
Despite the presence of scorpions in most parts of Iran, limited studies have been conducted in some places with a high frequency of scorpions. In this study, scorpion samples collected from Sistan and Baluchestan Province, southeast of Iran, during 2022 and 2023 were investigated. Sampling identified eight species belonging to seven genera from the Buthidae family. These are Androctonus rostami Barahoei, 2025, A. sistanus Barahoei & Mirshamsi, 2022, Compsobuthus yagi Barahoei sp. n., Hottentotta sistanensis Kovarik et al., 2018, Mesobuthus rakhshanii Barahoei, 2022, Odontobuthus tirgari Mirshamsi et al., 2013, Orthochirus persa (Birula, 1900) and Sassanidotus gracilis (Birula, 1900). Compsobuthus yagi Barahoei sp. n. was collected and is described from north Zahedan based on morphologic and molecular (COI) studies. Four species for the fauna of Zahedan County, three species for the fauna of Mirjaveh County, and two species for the fauna of Khash and Hirmand counties are new reports. Diagnostic characters of new species and new records are provided. Phylogeny of the new species is discussed.

Reference:
Vahidinia F, Ravan S, Barahoei H. A New Species of Scorpions (Arachnida: Scorpiones) from Southeastern Iran. Proceedings of the Zoological Society. 2025;Published online 04 March 2025. [Subscription required for full text]

Family Buthidae

A new fossil species described from Early Cretaceous amber from Myanmar and some taxonomical decisions

 

Wilson Lourenco and  Jürgen Velten have recently published an article where they describe a new fossil species from Early Cretaceous amber from Myanmar (Burma).

Serratochaerilobuthus barbarae Lourenco & Velten, 2025

A few weeks ago, Xuan et al, 2025 published a study reviewing the taxa in the fossil family Chaerilobuthidae and decided to change status of this family to subfamily (Chaerilobuthinae) and placed it in the extant family Pseudochactidae Gromov, 1998. The two extinct genera Chaeriloiurus Lourenço, 2020 and Serratochaerilobuthus Lourenço, 2024, were synonymized with Chaerilobuthus Lourenço and Beigel, 201.

Lourenco and Velten do not accept the results of this study.

In addition, the  authors also elevate Pseudochactidae Gromov, 1998, to superfamily status as Pseudochactoidea Gromov, 1998. Likewise, they raise Vietbocapinae Lourenco, 2012, to family rank as Vietbocapidae Lourenco, 2012. The authors also synonymize Troglokhammouaninae with Pseudochactidae Gromov, 1998, and the genus Aemngvantom Prendini, Ehrenthal & Loria, 2021 with Vietbocap Lourenco & Pham, 2010. 

These major taxonomical decisions seem to be made mainly because Lourenco and Velten disagree with several previous works  (e.g. Prendini et al, 2021). The problem is that the authors do not present any real and thorough justifications or analysis themselves to justify the proposed decisions. The studies they criticize have thorough morphological and phylogenetical analysis to back up their claims. 

I do not have the competence to tell who is correct, but I feel that basically just saying "we disagree" is not enough to justify such major taxonomical decisions. Because of this I have chosen not to accept the taxonomical decisions in the Lourenco and Velten article in The Scorpion Files until justification based on morphological, phylogenetical and/or genetical analysis are provided. 

This is a decision I reluctantly take after consulting with a few others in the scorpion community and I understand if some of you do not support this.

Abstract:
A new species is described for the genus Serratochaerilobuthus Lourenço, 2024. The description of this new species brings further evidence for the validity of the genus and confirms the family Chaerilobuthidae as one of the most speciose groups among those known from Early Cretaceous Burmite.

Reference:
Lourenco WR, Velten J. Description of a second species for the genus Serratochaerilobuthus Lourenço, 2024 (Scorpiones: Chaerilobuthidae). Faunitaxys. 2025;13(10):1-6. [Open Access]

Family Pseudochactidae

Report of predation of a Hottentotta species by the long-eared hedgehog in Turkey

 

Ridvan Kurt and co-workers recently published an article describing predation of the scorpion Hottentotta saulcyi (Simon, 1880) (Buthidae) by the long-eared hedgehog (Hemiechinus auritus) in Turkey. The hedgehog did bite off the tail and kill the scorpion before trying to eat it.

Abstract:
In this study, we report the predation of Hottentotta saulcyi (Simon, 1880) by the insectivorous mammal Hemiechinus auritus (Gmelin, 1770) in Şırnak Province, southeastern Türkiye. During a nighttime field trip, we observed a long-eared hedgehog biting a H. saulcyi individual on its prosoma. This observation confirms that long-eared hedgehogs feed on and prey upon scorpions.

Reference:
Kurt R, Yagmur EA, Yorulmaz T. Predation of the scorpion Hottentotta saulcyi (Scorpiones: Buthidae) by the long-eared hedgehog (Hemiechinus auritus) (Mammalia: Eulipotyphla: Erinaceidae) in Şırnak Province, Türkiye. Euscorpius. 2025(407):1-4. [Open Access]

A review of the members of the genus Chaerilus in China with the description of one new species

 

Recently, Victoria Tang has published an extensive review of the species of Chaerilus Simon, 1877(Chaerilidae) from China. One new species is described.

Chaerilus herta Tang, 2025

The paper reviews the species found in China and discuss taxonomical challenges for the family and for scorpions in general. Also, the presence and level of UV fluorescence in this genus is discussed.  

Abstract:
The genus Chaerilus Simon, 1877 in China is preliminarily revised on a morphological basis, derived from the available literature and newly examined specimens. The robustness of several commonly applied species-level diagnostic criteria are evaluated. Ten species are provisionally recognized for China, including one new morphospecies, Chaerilus herta sp. n., described from 9 females, 40 males, and 2 juvenile females collected in Mêdog County. The current study only reveals and resolves several most elementary issues in the taxonomy of Chinese Chaerilus. Further molecular investigations are warranted until topotypes of certain species become available.

Reference:
Tang V. Current challenges and preliminary morphological reassessment of the genus Chaerilus Simon, 1877 in China (Scorpiones: Chaerilidae). Euscorpius. 2025(406):1-89. [Open Access]

Family Chaerilidae

How to accurately estimating body size in scorpions

Body size is important for many aspects of ecological studies because it has an impact of many life-history elements of the individual (e.g. fecundity, longevity, dispersal capacity, sexual selection, prey capture etc.). Stenio  Foerster has recently published an article presenting methods for accurately predicting body size in scorpions, while considering their evolutionary history. I refer to the abstract and the article for more information.

Abstract:
Body size has always been the focus of several ecological studies due to its undeniable influence on other life-history traits. The conventional representation of body size in arthropods typically relies on linear measures, such as total body length, or the length of specific body parts that can be used to represent body size. While these measures offer simplicity over more complicated alternatives (e.g., dry mass), technical problems persist for arthropods with complex body structures, as is the case for scorpions. In these animals, accurate measurements often require extensive handling, including the stretching of body parts. In light of the difficulties associated with directly measuring total length and carapace length in scorpions (two prevalent proxies for body size in the group), this study evaluates the ability of seven simple linear measurements in predicting length measures of boy size in scorpions under a phylogenetic framework. Predictive equations derived from phylogenetic mixed linear models fitted under Bayesian framework were implemented in custom R functions that can be applied for size prediction in a wide range of scorpions. Overall, accurate predictions of total length and carapace length could be achieved using any of the studied traits as single predictors. However, the most accurate predictions for total length were obtained using the length of metasomal segment V, while the best predictions for carapace length were achieved using telson length. The addition of a secondary predictor had low impact on the quality of the size predictions, indicating that increasing model complexity by incorporating additional predictors is not necessary to achieve accurate size estimates. Technical advantages and limitations associated with each linear measurement are discussed. In conclusion, this study broadens the repertoire of methods available for accurately estimating body size in scorpions, particularly in instances where body size information can only be obtained indirectly through allometric relationships.

Reference:
Foerster SIA. Body size prediction in scorpions: a phylogenetic comparative examination of linear measurements of individual body parts. PeerJ. 2025;13:e18621. [Open Access]

Thanks to Stenio for informing me about his article!

A new species of Parabuthus from Somalia

 

Frantisek Kovarik just published the description of a new species of Parabuthus Pocock, 1890  (Buthidae) from Somalia (Puntaland).

Parabuthus starhai Kovarik, 2025

Abstract:
A new species Parabuthus starhai sp. n. from Somalia (Puntland) is described. Combination of two characters, pectine teeth number 56–59 in both sexes and pedipalp chela length/ width ratio 3.65 in male and 5.47 in female differ P. starhai sp. n. from all other species in the region. Included is also a map of distribution of Parabuthus species in Horn of Africa.

Reference:
Kovarik F. Scorpions of the Horn of Africa (Arachnida: Scorpiones). Part XXXV. Parabuthus starhai sp. n. from Somalia (Puntland) (Buthidae). Euscorpius. 2025(405):1-10. [Open Access]

Family Buthidae

A new species of Androctonus from the Tassili n'Ajjer in Algeria

 

Eric Ythier and co-workers recently published an article describing a new species of the medical important genus Androctonus Ehrenberg, 1828 (Buthidae) from the Tassili n'Ajjer in Algeria.

Androctonus ajjer Ythier, Sadine, Alioua & Lourenco, 2025

Abstract:
A new species of Androctonus Ehrenberg, 1828 is described on the basis of one male specimen collected in Eferi, at the foothills of the Tassili n'Ajjer massif, Wilaya of Djanet, Algeria. This new scorpion taxon represents the 42nd known species of the genus Androctonus and the 7th reported from Algeria. A geographical distribution map of the Androctonus species occurring in the region of the Saharan Mountain ranges of Algeria and Niger is presented.

Reference:
Ythier E, Sadine SE, Alioua Y, Lourenco WR. A new species of Androctonus Ehrenberg, 1828 from the Tassili n'Ajjer, Algeria (Scorpiones: Buthidae). Faunitaxys. 2025;13(8):1-8. [Open Access]

Family Buthidae

A review on endemic scorpion species and subspecies in Morocco

 

Scorpions are a health problems in some regions of the world, among them Morocco. Knowledge about the scorpion fauna and the distribution of medical important species is important so that local and regional health providers can be prepared for sting accidents and envenomations. Information like this is also important for measures to prevent sting incidents.

Meriem Es-Saadi and co-workers recently published a review on endemic scorpion species and subspecies in Morocco. Their study identified fifty-five endemic species and subspecies in Morocco. Not surprisingly, the family Buthidae was most widespread. Knowledge about the distribution of the species in this family is important, as the most medical important species are members to this family.

Abstract:
Scorpion fauna is abundant in regions with arid and semi-arid climates, exposing these areas to a risk of envenomation, especially for children. Scorpion envenomations cause thousands of deaths each year, with notable incidences in the MENA region, South America, Latin and Central America, and India. Morocco is one of the countries most affected by this phenomenon; according to statistics from the Moroccan Poison Control and Pharmacovigilance Center (CAPM), approximately 8565 scorpion stings and envenomations were recorded annually between 2016 and 2022, mainly among children. A literature review was conducted to identify and catalog the endemic scorpion species in Morocco and explore the impact of climate change on their distribution. Sources included scientific journal articles, university theses, and field reports. The collected data were compiled and analyzed to create a distribution map of the endemic species. Our results identified fifty-five endemic species and subspecies in Morocco. The family Buthidae is the most widespread, with seventeen endemic species of the genus Buthus, nine of the genus Androctonus, five of the genus Butheoloides, four of the genus Buthacus, two each of the genera Orthochirus, Compsobuthus, and Hottentota, and one species each of the genera Microbuthus, Cicileiurus, and Saharobuthus. The family Scorpionidae includes nine endemic species, and two subspecies belonging to the genus Scorpio. A high level of endemism is observed in southern Morocco, highlighting a significant concentration of these species in this region. Ongoing climate change is likely to expand the population and distribution of scorpions, as well as the number of envenomations. The results underscore the importance of implementing control and prevention strategies to reduce the risks of envenomation, particularly in the context of climate change. Therefore, to develop management and prevention strategies is based on a thorough understanding

Reference:Es-Saadi M, Hamdi S, Khourcha S, Sadki K, Errafii K, Oukkache N. Endemic Scorpion Species and Subspecies in Morocco: A Comprehensive Overview. Toxicon. 2025;255:108253. [Subscritpion required for full text]

A new species of Isometrus (Reddyanus) from caves in Myanmar

 

Update 29.01.25:  In agreement with author Eric Ythier, the new species has been included in the genus Reddyanus in The Scorpion Files to avoid any confusion until the status of  Reddyanus has ben resolved. 

 Reddyanus alessandroi (Lourenco & Ythier, 2025)

Eric Ythier and Wilson Lourenco have recently published a new species of Isometrus Ehrenberg, 1828 (Buthidae) from Saddan Cave in eastern Myanmar (Burma).

 Isometrus (Reddyanus) alessandroi Lourenco & Ythier, 2025

The authors do not accept the genus status for the subgenus Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, which is used in The Scorpion Files. I have listed the new species in Isometrus, but it probably belongs in Reddyanus (depending on how you view the status of the genus/subgenus).

The new species was found in a cave, but has no troglomorphic characters.

Abstract:
A new species belonging to the genus Isometrus Ehrenberg 1828, subgenus Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, is described from Myanmar: Isometrus (Reddyanus) alessandroi sp. n., which was collected in Saddan Cave, located in Kayin State, in the East of the country. In recent years the number of new species added to both subgenera Isometrus and Reddyanus have increased remarkably. Nevertheless, none of these descriptions concerned Myanmar. This particular geographic situation as well as a combination of several morphological features led us to propose here this new species.

Reference:
Ythier E, Lourenco WR. A new cave species of Isometrus Ehrenberg 1828 from Myanmar (Scorpiones: Buthidae). Faunitaxys. 2025;13(4):1-6. [Open Access]

Thanks to Eric for sending me their new article!

Family Buthidae

A study of Androctonus in Iran revels new species

 

Hossein Barahoei and co-workers recently published a study of Androctonus Ehrenberg, 1828 found in Iran. They report of a new species from Eastern Iran.

Androctonus rostami Barahoei, Mirshamsi, Amiri, Moeinadin & Rakhshani, 2025

The number of species in the genus from Iran is now five: A. crassicauda (Olivier, 1807), A. kunti Yagmur, 2023,  A. sistanus Barahoei & Mirshamsi, 2022, A. sumericus Al-Khazali & Yagmur, 2023 and A. rostami Barahoei, Mirshamsi, Amiri, Moeinadin & Rakhshani, 2025.

The distribution range of the studied species in Iran is outlined and mapped. 

Abstract:
Two species of Androctonus have been reported to date from Iran: Androctonus crassicauda (Olivier, 1807) and A. sistanus Barahoei and Mirshamsi, 2022, which is distributed only in the southeast of Iran. Investigating and identifying the distribution range of dangerous species is critically important for scorpion management. A total of 105 specimens of Androctonus were collected from representative locations in Esfahan, Yazd, Kerman, Hormozgan, Hamadan, and Khuzestan provinces. These samples were studied morphologically, morphometrically, molecularly (COI gene sequencing), and through species distribution modeling (SDM) using the MaxEnt model. Four Androctonus species were identified through the morphological and molecular studies: A. crassicauda, A. sistanus, A. sumericus, and A. rostami sp. nov. (from eastern Iran). The four described species of Androctonus in Iran form well-defined phenetic groups based on morphometric analyses. SDM results indicated that all predicted models have high accuracy and some overlap with each other. Temperature seasonality for A. crassicauda and annual precipitation for A. sistanus, A. rostami, and A. sumericus were the highest contributing variables. With this first Iranian report of A. sumericus, the description of a new species, and the presence of A. kunti in the northwest of Iran, the number of species of this genus in the country is increased to five. The distribution range of the studied species in Iran is outlined and mapped. The potential distribution modeling for the current period delineated the distribution range of each of the four sampled species. Considering the lethality of the venom of Androctonus scorpions, determination of species distribution ranges provides theoretical backing for studies of significant importance for the prevention of scorpion stings, as well as a foundation for further biochemical and serological studies to develop specific antivenoms for each species.

Reference:
Barahoei H, Mirshamsi O, Amiri M, Moeinadini A, Rakhshani E. Integrative taxonomy reveals the existence of a new species of fat-tailed scorpion Androctonus (Buthidae) in Iran. Turkish Journal of Zoology. 2025;49. [Full text not available yet]

Thanks to Gerard for sending me this article!

Family Buthidae

A study of prey capture and foraging in the buthid Buthus montanus from Spain

 

Francisco Sanchez-Pinero and co-workers recently published a study of foraging strategies and prey selection in Buthus montanus Lourenco & Vachon, 2004 (Buthidae) from an arid area in southeastern Spain.

The study shows that Buthus occitanus is a generalist predator that capture a wide range of prey types. Cannibalism is a major part of the diet. This species has a varied hunting ground as it was observed to hunt for prey on the ground surface, below ground and in shrub canopies.

Abstract:
Scorpions are diverse and abundant in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide, especially in arid ecosystems where they play a relevant role as predators. However, few studies have examined diet composition, use of alternative foraging strategies, prey selection, and predator-prey size relationships of scorpions in different microhabitats. This study provides an analysis of the diet of Buthus montanus Lourenco & Vachon, 2004 in an arid area of SE Spain. Prey captured by scorpions were recorded during black-light censuses over the main activity season of B. montanus in the study area. Because scorpions were observed capturing prey on the ground surface, below ground, and in vegetation, prey availability was estimated using complementary methods for shrub- and ground-dwelling prey. Results show that B. montanus is a generalist predator that feeds on a diverse array of prey, although predatory arthropods and tenebrionid larvae comprised the highest proportion of its diet in both number of prey and biomass. Cannibalism was a major component of its diet, accounting for almost 25% of the biomass ingested, especially in large scorpions. The composition of the diet, prey-size variability, and predator-prey size relationship showed size-related differences. These size-related variations in the diet were also linked to habitat use, due to climbing vegetation by smaller scorpions. These results highlight the implications of ontogenetic shifts in the diet of B. montanus related to cannibalism by larger scorpions and climbing vegetation by smaller individuals, causing changes in the type of prey used by individuals of different size and predator-prey size relationships.

Reference:
Sánchez-Piñero F, Urbano-Tenorio F, Puerta-Rodríguez L. Foraging strategies, prey selection and size- and microhabitat-related diet variation in Buthus montanus (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in an arid area of SE Spain. The Journal of Arachnology. 2025;52(3):189-98. [Subscription required for full text]

Updated information about the distribution of the genus Scorpio in Northern Algeria and a redescription of Scorpio trarasensis

 

Eric Ythier and co-workers recently published an article with updated information about the Scorpio Linnaeus, 1758 (Scorpionidae) fauna in Northern Algeria. The authors also present a redescription of Scorpio trarasensis Bouisset & Larrouy (1962). The article also includes an identification guide for the Scorpio species known from Northern Algeria.

Abstract:
Scorpio trarasensis Bouisset & Larrouy (1962), from the Trara Massif, in the western part of the Tellian Atlas of Algeria, is redescribed on the basis of new material collected and a neotype is designated (original type material is considered lost). The geographical distribution of the genus Scorpio Linnaeus, 1758 in Northern Algeria is updated based on additional material examined, and a key for their identification is proposed.

Reference:
Ythier E, Hammou MA, El Bouhissi  M, Mairif M. Redescription of Scorpio trarasensis Bouisset & Larrouy, 1962 and update on the distribution of the genus Scorpio linnaeus, 1758 in Northern Algeria (Scorpiones: Scorpionidae). Arachnides. 2025(120):1-11. [Open Access]

Thanks to Eric and Gerard for sharing this article with me!

Family Scorpionidae

Extinct family Chaerilobuthidae from Mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber with 16 species are now a part of the extant family Pseudochactidae

 

In a recent article, Qiang Xuan and co-workers have analyzed the taxa in the extinct family Chaerilobuthidae Lourenço and Beigel, 2011. This family originally consisted of 3 genera and 16 species. All taxa are based on fossil specimens found in Mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber.

The authors conclude that the family Chaerilobuthidae should change status to subfamily (Chaerilobuthinae) and placed in the extant family Pseudochactidae Gromov, 1998. The two extinct genera Chaeriloiurus Lourenço, 2020 and Serratochaerilobuthus Lourenço, 2024, are synonymized with Chaerilobuthus Lourenço and Beigel, 2011 which contains 16 species (all extinct).

Chaerilobuthinae with its taxa is now listed in The Scorpion Files for Pseudochactidae, but are not included in the count of number of taxa which only includes extant taxa.

Abstract:
The extinct scorpion family Chaerilobuthidae Lourenço and Beigel, 2011, endemic to Burmese amber, was initially established due to its unique pedipalp trichobothrial pattern related to the Type A and Type B patterns of families Buthidae C.L. Koch, 1837 and Chaerilidae Pocock, 1893, respectively. The present contribution describes 11 new specimens, representing seven species of Chaerilobuthidae from Mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber, revealing their morphology using various imaging technologies. A revised diagnosis of Chaerilobuthus Lourenço and Beigel, 2011 is provided based on new morphological characters of the carapace, ocelli, chelicera, pedipalp trichobothria, coxapophyses, and leg tarsi. The other two genera of Chaerilobuthidae, Chaeriloiurus Lourenço, 2020 and Serratochaerilobuthus Lourenço, 2024, are synonymized with Chaerilobuthus based on a reassessment of their morphological characters and morphometric analysis, creating Chaerilobuthus brigittemuellerae (Lourenço and Velten, 2020), comb. nov. and Chaerilobuthus schmidti (Lourenço and Velten, 2024), comb. nov.. The systematic position of Chaerilobuthidae is clarified based on phylogenetic analyses of an updated morphological character matrix for Pseudochactidae Gromov, 1998, an extant family in Asia. Phylogenetic analysis placed Chaerilobuthidae sister to the pseudochactid subfamily Vietbocapinae Lourenço, 2012, justifying its transfer to Pseudochactidae, as Chaerilobuthinae Lourenço and Beigel, 2011, stat. nov.. This discovery confirms that Pseudochactidae date back 100 Mya and contributes to understanding the origin and evolutionary history of this relictual family.

Reference:
Xuan Q, Prendini L, Engel MS, Cai C, Huang D. Extinct scorpion family Chaerilobuthidae from Mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber reinterpreted as subfamily of extant family Pseudochactidae (Chelicerata: Scorpiones). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 2025;203(1):zlae169. [Subscription required for full text]

Thanks to Gerard for informing me about this article!

Family Pseudochachtidae

Does the cuticular wax layer in scorpions have a role in mate and sexual recognition in male Tityus pusillus?

 

Male and female scorpions need to be able to recognize each others and their "mood" to ensure safe and optimal mating. The mating dance in scorpions is well known and many studies have indicated that chemical substances are involved in mate and sexual recognition.

Hugo R. Barbosa-da-Silva and co-workers have recently published a study investigating the cuticular wax layer (CWL) involvement in mate and sexual recognition in the buthid Tityus pusillus Lourenço, 2013. The study found some evidence that CWL compounds were involved in sexual recognition, but there was noconfirmation that CWL compounds mediate mate recognition in this species. 

Abstract:
Hydrophobic compounds present in the cuticular wax layer (CWL) of terrestrial arthropods protect them from dehydration and are also involved in chemical communication. However, the role of CWL compounds in the behavioral ecology of scorpions has been studied less often, with most investigations focusing on their responses to mechanical stimuli. In this study, we aimed to characterize the CWL composition of Tityus pusillus (Scorpiones, Buthidae) and examine the influence of CWL solvent extracts and movement on intraspecific mate and sexual recognition by males of this species. We analyzed CWL hexane extracts of adult female and male T. pusillus by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In paired behavioral tests inside an experimental arena, we exposed adult males to i) live and intact dead conspecific females; ii) intact dead females and females without the CWL (removed with solvent washes); and iii) intact dead males with and without the CWL. Our results showed that CWL extracts of both female and male T. pusillus contained a series of linear alkanes (C21 – C34; > 54 % relative composition), as well as fatty acyls (> 9.5 %) and methyl-branched alkanes (> 9.1 %). Two unassigned C31 monomethyl-branched alkanes were exclusively identified in male CWL extracts (~ 4.7 %), while female samples contained high relative concentrations (> 22.5 %) of sterol derivatives, present only as minor constituents in male samples. Male T. pusillus performed sexually-oriented behavioral acts when paired with both live and dead conspecific females, intact or without the CWL. However, they ignored conspecific dead males. Our results show that CWL compounds have a role in intraspecific sexual recognition by male T. pusillus but only the CWL compounds does not explain mate recognition.

Reference:
Barbosa-da-Silva HR, Pontes WJT, Lira AFA, Navarro DMAF, Salomão RP, Maia ACD. The role of intraspecific mechanical and chemical signaling for mate and sexual recognition in male Tityus pusillus (Scorpiones, Buthidae). Zoology. 2025;168:126235. [Subscription required for full text]

Thanks to André for sending me their article!

Goats are not scorpions' best friend

 

                                                    Illustration: DALL-E/ChatGPT

Habitat destruction due to human impact is a threat to many animals, scorpions included. In a recent study, Thayna Rhayane Brito-Almeida and co-workers have investigated the impact of non-native, grassing goats on the scorpion fauna in Brazil.

The study showed that the goats have a negative impact on the habitat and both the species richness and abundance of scorpions in areas with grazing goats. The presence of goats also seemed to cause reduced body mass and size in the scorpions compared to areas without goats.

Abstract:
Extensive grazing carried out freely by exotic goats represents an important source of anthropogenic degradation in seasonally dry tropical forests of Brazil. The presence of these herbivores may negatively impact the local fauna through the reduction of habitat complexity. In this study, we investigate the effect of goat farming in scorpion assemblage from Brazilian seasonally dry tropical forest. Scorpions were sampled in 36 areas (18 disturbed and 18 undisturbed) distributed in three sites in the seasonally dry tropical forest of Brazil. At each location, we recorded a set of local variables such as litter depth, diameter at breast height of trees, vegetation density (trees and shrubs), and detritus (stones and fallen logs). In total, 396 scorpions were collected, distributed across six species and two families. Our results showed that scorpion diversity was negatively affected, with species richness and abundance reduced in areas influenced by goats. Furthermore, in these sites, the composition of the species was also affected, with habitat-generalist species favoring habitat-specialist species. Finally, sites with free pasture of goats presented scorpions with reduced body condition (body mass and size) than sites without goats. Furthermore, habitat degradation caused by free pasture of goats negatively affects the assemblage of scorpions in terms of their diversity and body condition the seasonally dry tropical forest of Brazil.

Reference:
Brito‐Almeida TR, Foerster SÍA, Lima JR, da Silva MA, de Moura GJB, de Araujo Lira AF. Free Pasture of Exotic Goats Reduces Diversity and Negatively Affects Body Condition in Scorpions (Arachnida: Scorpiones) Assemblage From Brazilian Seasonal Dry Tropical Forest. Ecology and evolution. 2025;15(1):e70804. [Open Access]

Thanks to André for sending me their article!

A review of the scorpion fauna of China

 

There is still a lot to learn about the large scorpion fauna of China, both when it comes to new taxa but also by evaluating old works. Victoria Tang has recently published a new review of the scorpion fauna of China. 

The article focuses especially on the genera Reddyanus Vachon, 1972 and Razianus Farzanpay, 1987 (both Buthidae). The following taxonomical changes were made:

Raised to species status from synonymization:

Reddyanus hainanensis (Lourenço, 2005) Restored from synonymy with Isometrus petrzelkai Kovarík, 2003.

Reddyanus lao (Lourenço & Leguin, 2005) Restored from synonymy with Isometrus petrzelkai Kovarík, 2003.

 Synonymization:

 Reddyanus tibetanus (Lourenco & Zhu, 2008) is synonymized with Reddyanus assamensis (Oates, 1888).

New status:

Reddyanus kanak Lourenço, 2023 is tentatively considered as a nomen dubium.

An updated catalogue of scorpiofauna of China is also provided.

Abstract:
Two genera associated with the scorpiofauna of China are reviewed, Razianus Farzanpay, 1987 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972. Holotype female of Razianus xinjianganus Lourenço et al., 2010 is presumed to be lost, as well as all type material of other Chinese scorpions described before 2020. Comments are given on the species composition of genus Reddyanus with a new synonym: Isometrus (Reddyanus) tibetanus Lourenço & Zhu, 2008 = Reddyanus assamensis (Oates, 1888) syn. n. Reddyanus kanak Lourenço, 2023 is tentatively considered as a nomen dubium. An updated catalogue of scorpiofauna of China is provided, including their type locality and type depository, protonym, synonym(s), misidentification(s), Chinese equivalent name and distribution in China. Several Tibetan Scorpiops species will be addressed in a subsequent paper. Finally, a list of errata in the preceding taxonomic papers by the current author is also included.

Reference:
Tang V. A review of scorpiofauna of China: nomenclatural notes and updated faunistic catalogue (Arachnida: Scorpiones). Euscorpius. 2025(404):1-24. [Open Access]

Family Buthidae

Did you miss anything in 2024?

 

In the recent issue of Arachnides, Gerard Dupre presents two articles that sum up the scorpion year of 2024. One article list all scorpion papers published last year, the other article list all new taxa.

References:
Dupre G. Scorpions bibliography 2024 (without toxinology). Arachnides. 2024(119):1-20. [Open access]

Dupre G. Nouveaux taxa de scorpions pour 2024. Arachnides. 2024(119):21-7. [Open Access]

Thanks to Gerard for sharing the articles of Arachnides with us!

Arm-span competition between males in the buthid scorpion Tityus rosenbergi

 

Courtship and mating behaviors between male and female scorpions are well documented. Intrasexual interactions (between female-female or male-male scorpions) are not mentioned often in the literature. Recently, a new ritualized behavior between the same sex was described and labeled "arm-span competition”.

In a recent article, Jules Thornton Wyman and co-workers present observations of "arm-span competition" between males of Tityus rosenbergi Pocock, 1898 (Buthidae). The behavior is interpreted as a ritualized male-male contests. 

The authors suggest that the elongated pedipalps seen in males of many species might be the result of selective pressure related to ritualized arm-span competition.

Abstract:
Although courtship and mating behaviors have been described for nearly all scorpion lineages, intrasexual interactions in scorpions remain understudied. Recently, a novel ritualized behavioral unit, termed “arm-span competition,” in which individuals face off and extend their pedipalps laterally, was described from analyses of male-male contests in several scorpionid species. Here, we present the first documented observation of arm-span competition in a buthid scorpion, Tityus cf. rosenbergi Pocock, 1898. Interestingly, both T. cf. rosenbergi and most scorpionid species known to engage in arm-span competition exhibit a similar sexual dimorphism: males have markedly longer and more slender pedipalps than females. We suggest that the elongated pedipalps in males of these species might be the result of selective pressure related to ritualized armspan competition. We also highlight the potential for citizen science to contribute rare observations to scientific literature.

Reference:
Wyman JT, Wright-Ueda J, Agnew Q, Castellano I, Simone Y. First report of arm-span competition in buthid scorpions: male-male contest in Tityus cf. rosenbergi Pocock, 1898. The Journal of Arachnology. 2025;52(3):210-3. [Open Access]

Thanks to Yuri for sending me this article!

A study of the fluorescent sensilla on the scorpion aculeus (stinger)

 

It is well-known that scorpions fluorescence under UV light. This also apply for the scorpion's stinger (aculeus), but previous studies has shown a lack of fluorescence in the distal aculeus. Graeme Lowe has recently published an article where he used SEM imaging to study UV fluorescence in the acuelus of many species.

He observed numerous brightly fluorescent punctae in the non-fluorescent distal aculeus. These punctae were identified as aculear sensilla coeloconica (ASC). The ASC probably have a chemoreceptive function.

The author suggests that the ASC are playing an important role in the sensory coordination of telson function when the scorpions are trying to sting their prey and inject venom.

Abstract:
The aculeus of the scorpion telson was studied by UV fluorescence microscopy. Numerous brightly fluorescent punctae were observed on the non-fluorescent distal aculeus, including the tip region. The punctae were identified as aculear sensilla coeloconica (ASC), and were connected to fluorescent canals running through the cuticle. ASC were present in both sexes, and in adults and immatures as early as the second instar juvenile, but were absent from the first instar. The distal aculeus was found to be encased in a thick, non-fluorescent dark exocuticle (DX), covering an underlying thin, fluorescent hyaline exocuticle (HX). Fluorescent ASC were recorded from 183 species belonging to 97 genera in 19 families, encompassing all major scorpion lineages. The number of ASC in the tip region, the width of ASC canals, and the depth of the tip region, all exhibited positive correlation and allometric scaling with respect to carapace length. Higher tip densities of ASC occurred in some buthids, and in Scorpionoidea. The ASC are probably ubiquitous across the Order Scorpiones, playing an essential role in the sensory coordination of telson function during prey envenomation.

Reference:
Lowe G. Star-studded stingers: fluorescent sensilla on the scorpion aculeus (Arachnida: Scorpiones). Euscorpius. 2024;2024(402):1-39. [Open Access]

The postembryonic development of Centruroides ochraceus from Mexico

 

Happy New Year!

Wilson Lourenco and Eric Ythier have recently published some old observations of postembryonic development of Centruroides ochraceus (Pocock, 1898) (Buthidae) from Yucatan, Mexico. It is also suggested that parthenogenesis exists in this species.

Abstract:
Since general data on the biology of scorpions remain rare, we propose in this note some results on the postembryonic development of the buthid scorpion Centruroides ochraceus (Pocock, 1898), species distributed in the Yucatan peninsula, Mexico. The results were originally observed almost 40 years ago, based on some specimens collected by the senior author. A possible case of parthenogenesis is also suggested for this species.

Reference:
Lourenço WR, Ythier E. The postembryonic development of Centruroides ochraceus (Pocock, 1898) from Yucatan, Mexico (Scorpiones: Buthidae), with comments on parthenogenesis. Revista Iberica de Arachnologia. 2024(45):119-22. [Full text supplied by author]