The Scorpion Files Newsblog

A new sub-fossil scorpion species from Malagasy copal

2012-01-18T13:31:00.002+01:00

Wilson Lourenco and Hans Henderickx have recently described a new sub-fossil scorpion in the family Buthidae from copal found in Madagascar.

Palaeogrosphus jacquesi Lourenco & Henderickx, 2012

Abstract:
Palaeogrosphus jacquesi sp. n., the third known sub-fossil scorpion from Malagasy copal, is described. This is the fourth record of a sub-fossil scorpion in copal. The copal specimen was collected in the mines of the region of Sambava, Province of Antsiranana in the northeast of Madagascar. It belongs to the genus Palaeogrosphus Lourenço, 2000, described from Madagascar, and now represented by two sub-fossil species.

Reference:
Lourenco WR, Henderickx H. Another new sub-fossil species of scorpion of the genus Palaeogrophus Lourenco, 2000 from Malagasy copal (Scorpiones: Buthidae). Euscorpius. 2012(137):1-4. [Free fulltext]

Please note that this species will not be listed in The Scorpion Files as I only list extant species.

A new Tityus from Bolivia

2012-01-16T10:43:00.002+01:00

Wilson Lourenco and Elise-Anne Leguin have published a new species of Tityus (Buthidae) from Bolivia.

Tityus horacioi Lourenco & Leguin, 2011

Abstract:
A new species of Tityus Koch (subgenus Tityus) is described from the region of the San Mateo river in the province of Cochabamba, Bolivia. It is the latest member of the ‘Tityus bolivianus’ group of species to be found in this country. The new species seems to be endemic to the region where it was collected. The scorpion fauna of Bolivia remains, however, one of the least studied in South America, and no geographical patterns of distribution have yet been defined.

Reference:
Lourenco WR, Leguin E-A. Une nouvelle espece de Tityus de Bolivie, appartenant au sous-genre Tityus et au groupe d'especes "Tityus bolivanus" (Scorpiones, Buthidae). Boletin de la SEA. 2011(49):103-7.

Family Buthidae

A Centruroides sting case on an airport

2012-01-16T09:04:00.003+01:00

Ricardo Lobo and co-workers recently reported about a six year old girl being stung by a scorpion when disembarking from an airplane at the Guarulhos International Airport in Brazil. The scorpion was caught and later identified as Centruroides testaceus (DeGeer, 1778) (Buthidae). The girl was returning from a visit in Curacao (Caribbean) where she had visited a park. The scorpion had probably entered her backpack which she carried as hand-luggage on the plane and later climbed out and stung her.

The girl only showed local symptoms and quickly improved, and was given minimal treatment. She was discharged from the hospital after two hours of monitoring.

This is not the first case of scorpion sting happening on a plane or airport and shows that airplanes may be a gateway for the introduction and spread of different species.

Abstract:
Describes the case of a 6-year-old girl who was stung by a Centruroides testaceus, a scorpion native to the Lesser Antilles, in the Guarulhos International Airport, São Paulo, Brazil, as she disembarked from a flight coming from the Caribbean. The patient presented only local symptoms (a small area of erythema and pain at the sting site), which were resolved after a few hours with analgesics, without the need for antivenom. Physicians who treat patients stung by scorpions should be alert to the possibility of such accidents being caused by non native species, especially those cases that occur near airports or ports.

Reference:
Lobo RA, Goldoni PA, Souza CA, Medeiros CR. Accident caused by Centruroides testaceus (DeGeer, 1778) (Scorpiones, Buthidae), native to the Caribbean, in Brazilian airport. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2011;44(6):789-91. [Free fulltext]

A new species of Hemiscorpius from Egypt

2012-01-10T09:58:00.002+01:00

Wilson Lourenco has recently published a paper describing a new species of Hemiscorpius Peters, 1861 (Hemiscorpiidae) from Egypt. This is the first record of Hemiscorpius in Egypt.

Hemiscorpius egyptiensis Lourenco, 2011

Previously, H. somalicus Lourenco, 2o11 and H. novaki Kovarik & Mazuch, 2011 are also described from Africa. Nothing is known about the African species' venom potency and if they are of medical importance like H. lepturus Peters, 1861 in Iran.

Abstract:
A new species, Hemiscorpius egyptiensis sp. n., is described from the Nubia region in the Upper Nile, Egypt. This is the first record of the genus Hemiscorpius Peters for this country. The total number of species in the genus Hemiscorpius is now raised to 14.

Reference:
Lourenco WR. More about the African species of Hemiscorpius Peters, 1861 (Scorpiones: Hemiscorpiidae), and a description of a new species from Egypt. Boletin de la SEA. 2011(49):23-6.

Thanks to professor Lourenco for sending me this paper!

Family Hemiscorpiidae

New Lychas from Indonesia

2012-01-10T09:14:00.005+01:00

Wilson Lourenco has recently described a new species of Lychas C. L. Koch, 1845 (Buthidae) from West Papua, Indonesia.

Lychas kaimana Lourenco, 2011

The scorpion fauna of West Papua is discussed.

Abstract:
Scorpions collected during the field expedition organized by Dr. Dimitry Telnov in West Papua, Indonesia are studied in the present note. Very few reports are available on the scorpions of the occidental side of the island. Three species were collected during this field expedition: Liocheles australasiae (Fabricius, 1775) and Liocheles karschii (Keyserling, 1885) family Liochelidae Fet & Bechly, 2001 and, Lychas kaimana sp. n., family Buthidae C. L. Koch, 1837, described here.

Reference:
Lourenco WR. Scorpions from West Papua, Indonesia and description of a new species of Lychas C. L. Koch, 1845 (Scorpiones: Buthidae). Entomol Mitt Zool Mus Hamburg. 2011;15(186):317-26.

Thanks to professor Lourenco for sending me this paper!

Family Buthidae

A new troglobitic, cave-dwelling scorpion from Vietnam

2012-01-09T14:41:00.004+01:00

Wilson Lourenco and Din-Sac Pham have discovered another fantastic cave-dwelling scorpion from Vietnam belonging to the enigmatic family Pseudochactidae.

Vietbocap thienduongensis Lourenco & Pham, 2012

The new species is a true troglobite (e.g. lacking eyes and pigmentation among other traits) and was collected 2200 meters from the cave entrance of the Thien Duong cave (Vom cave system in the Phong Nha - Ke Bang National Park). This is actually a new distance record from a cave entrance for a scorpion!

Interestingly, this cave is totally isolated from the cave where Vietbocap canhi Lourenço & Pham, 2010 was discovered.

Abstract:
A second species of scorpion belonging to the family Pseudochactidae and to the genus Vietbocap is described from two specimens collected in the Thien Duong cave, which belongs to the Vom cave system, in the Phong Nha - Ke Bang National Park, Quang Binh Province, Vietnam. Like the previously described species of Vietbocap, the new species is also a true troglobitic element, the second known for the family Pseudochactidae. This represents the fourth known record of a pseudochactid, and the second from Vietnam.

Reference:
Lourenço WR, Pham D-S. A second species of Vietbocap Lourenço & Pham, 2010 (Scorpiones: Pseudochactidae) from Vietnam. Comptes Rendus Biologies. 2012;335(1):80-5. [Subscription required for fulltext]

Thanks to Gerard Dupre for informing me about this paper!

Family Pseudochactidae

Four new species in family Chactidae from Brazilian Amazonia

2012-01-09T13:07:00.006+01:00

Wilson Lourenco and co-workers have published four new species in the family Chactidae from the upper Rio Negro in Brazilian Amazonia.

Broteochactas niemeyerae Lourenco, Ponce de Leao Giupponi & Pedroso, 2011
Brotheas caramaschii Lourenco, Ponce de Leao Giupponi & Pedroso, 2011
Chactopsis yanomami Lourenco, Ponce de Leao Giupponi & Pedroso, 2011
Teuthraustes newaribe Lourenco, Ponce de Leao Giupponi & Pedroso, 2011

The genus Chactopsis Kraepelin, 1912 was transfered from Chactidae to Euscorpiidae by Soleglad & Sissom, 2001, but based on the decisions in Lourenco, 2003 and Lourenco, Ponce de Leao Giupponi & Pedroso, 2011 I have moved this genus back to Chactidae in The Scorpion Files. This until a new family revision is published.

Abstract:
Four new species of chactid scorpions belonging to the genera Broteochactas Pocock, 1893, Brotheas C. L. Koch, 1837, Teuthraustes Simon, 1878 and Chactopsis Kraepelin, 1912 are described from a single location in the upper Rio Negro region, Brazilian Amazonia. These descriptions provide further confirmation of the high biodiversity and the important level of endemicity found in the upper Rio Negro and in the Imeri endemic centre.

References:
Lourenco WR, Ponce de Leao Giupponi A, Pedroso DR. New species of Chactidae (Scorpiones) from the upper Rio Negro in Brazilian Amazonia. Boletin de la SEA. 2011(49):65-73.

Lourenco WR. Le genre Chactopsis Kraepelin ((Scorpiones, Euscorpiidae(ou Chactidae)) en amazonie Bresilienne. Biogeographica. 2003;79(4):167-74.

Soleglad ME, Sissom WD. Phylogeny of the family Euscorpiidae Laurie, 1896: a major revision. In: Fet V, Selden PA, editors. Scorpions 2001 In Memoriam gary A Polis. Burnham Beeches, Bucks: British Arachnological Society; 2001. p. 25-111.

Thanks to Professor Lourenco for sending me this paper!

Family Chactidae

A new species of Diplocentrus from Guatemala

2012-01-05T08:58:00.002+01:00

Armas, Trujillo & Agreda have recently published a new species of Diplocentrus Peters, 1861 (Scorpionidae) from Guatemala.

Diplocentrus lachua Armas, Trujillo & Agreda, 2011

Abstract:
A new species of the scorpion genus Diplocentrus Peters, 1861 is described from the ecological region of Lachuá, Alta Verapaz department, Guatemala. It resembles D. maya Francke, 1977, but differs from it by having a darker pattern of coloration, chelicerae with dark reticulation, a sharper subaculear tubercle, trichobothrium Dt on the fixed finger, and other morphological differences.

Reference:
de Armas LF, Trujillo RE, Agreda EO. Nueva especie de Diplocentrus Peters, 1851 (Scorpionidae: Diplocentrinae) del noroeste de alta Verapaz, Guatemala. Boletin de la SEA. 2011(49):113-7.

Thanks to Rony Trujillo for sending me this paper!

Family Scorpionidae

Scorpions - Walking eyes?

2012-01-03T10:01:00.005+01:00

Happy New year to you all!

The reason for the cryptic title of this post is a recent paper by Douglas Gaffin and co-workers in Animal Behaviour on the mystery of scorpion fluorescence.

There have been many theories on why scorpions fluorescence when exposed to UV-light. One theory is that this phenomena has no behavioral function and that the fluorescing components are just metabolic byproducts. Alternatively, scorpion fluorescence has a function (e.g. as a prey lure, as an aposematic signal or as an aid in the recognition of conspecifics (mate finding)). Some theories has been tested and rejected, but fluorescence in scorpions is still a mystery.

Gaffin and co-workers have tested scorpion activity under different light wavelengths (including UV-light) with eyes covered or not. The results suggest that scorpion cuticular fluorescence actually may be involved in their perception of light and contributes to orientation and light-avoidance behavior (e.g. helps the decision to stay in their burrow until outside light conditions are optimal for avoiding predators etc.).

This paper says that in addition to medial and lateral eyes, the metasomal elements that are sensitive to green light, the skin of the scorpion actaully works as an extra gigant eye helping in sensing light and detecting shadows. More studies are of course necessary before this theory is confirmed, but this is another proof of how fantastic animals scorpions are.

Abstract:
Scorpions are largely solitary, nocturnal arachnids that glow a bright cyan-green under UV light. The function of this fluorescence is a mystery. Previous studies of four species from three families have shown that scorpion lateral and medial eyes are maximally sensitive to green light (around 500 nm) and secondarily to UV (350e400 nm). Scorpions are negatively phototactic, and we used this behaviour to assay the responses of desert grassland scorpions, Paruroctonus utahensis, to 395 nm UV light, 505 nm cyan-green light, 565 nm green light and no light within small, circular arenas. Based on the eye sensitivity data, we predicted maximal response to 505 nm, followed by lower responses to 395 and 565 nm. In our experiments, however, scorpions responded most intensely (abrupt bouts of locomotory activity) to 395 nm and 505 nm. Next, we ran trials under 395 and 505 nm on scorpions with their eyes blocked. Scorpions with blocked eyes were much less likely to move under 505 nm than under 395 nm and were much less likely to move under 505 nm than were control animals (those without their eyes blocked). These results suggest an active role for fluorescence in scorpion light detection. Other studies indicate that photosensitive elements in scorpion tails are sensitive to green light. We therefore propose that the cuticle may function as a whole-body photon collector, transducing UV light to cyan-green before relaying this information to the central nervous system. Scorpions may use this information to detect shelter, as blocking any part of the cuticle could diminish the signal.

Reference:
Gaffin DD, Bumm LA, Taylor MS, Popokina NV, Mann S. Scorpion fluorescence and reaction to light. Anim Behav. 2012. 83(2):429-436. Doi: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.11.014. [Subscription required for fulltext]

An interview with first author Douglas Gaffin about the paper can be found in Wired Magazine.

Thanks to Graeme Lowe for telling me about this paper!

Tityus championi restored to species status

2011-12-23T10:28:00.003+01:00

Rolando Teruel has recently restored Tityus championi Pocock, 1898 (Buthidae) to species status. This species was previously regarded as a junior synonym of Tityus asthenes Pocock, 1893.

Abstract:
The present paper clarifies the taxonomic identity of Tityus championi Pocock 1898. This species is clearly distinct from Tityus asthenes Pocock 1893 (regarded as its senior synonym since 1988), and appears to be endemic to the southem watershed of the Talamanca Range, in the border region between Costa Rica and Panama.

Reference:
Teruel R. La verdadera identidad Tityus championi Pocock, 1898 (Scorpiones: Buthidae). Boletin de la SEA. 2011(48):367-73.

Family Buthidae

Mite infestation in scorpions from Egypt

2011-12-23T09:29:00.002+01:00

Ibrahim & Abdel-Rahman published previously this year a paper on parasitic infestations of the acarine parasite Pimeliaphilus joshuae in various scorpion species from Egypt.

Abstract:
The main goal of this study was to study the acarine parasite, Pimeliaphilus joshuae (Prostigmata: Pterygosomatidae) on various scorpion species from Egypt to determine its prevalence, abundance and intensity in relation to host species, size and sex. A total of 95 Leiurus quinquestriatus, 98 Androctonus australis, 40 A. amoreuxi, 30 Scorpio maurus palmatus and 46 Orthochirus scrobicuosus were examined during August 2009. Prevalence and mean abundance of P. joshuae varied significantly in relation to host species, host size and sex. In L. quinquestriatus, A. australis, and A. amoreuxi, the prevalence was 76.8, 13.3, and 50.0%, whereas the mean abundance was 47.6, 6.7 and 14.3%, respectively. Prevalence and mean abundance of P. joshuae were both positively correlated with host size in L. quinquestriatus and A. australis. We conclude that P. joshuae is found in a wide range of scorpion species exhibiting a low degree of host specificity. Controlled laboratory infection experiments are required to explain why S. m. palmatus and O. scrobicuosus are not susceptible to infestation by P. joshuae.

Reference:
Ibrahim MM, Abdel-Rahman MA. Natural infestation of Pimeliaphilus joshuae on scorpion species from Egypt. Exp Appl Acarol. 2011;55(1):77-84. [Subscription required for fulltext]

Euscorpius flavicaudis fanzagoi is a synonym of Euscorpius flavicaudis

2011-12-20T08:33:00.002+01:00

Eric Ythier has collected several specimens of Euscorpius flavicaudis (De Geer, 1778) from the region in France where E. flavicaudis fanzagoi Simon, 1879 was originally described. He concludes that the latter is a synonym of E. flavicaudis (De Geer, 1778).

The paper also presents an identification key for French Euscorpius.

Abstract:
46 specimens of the genus Euscorpius Thorell, 1876 were collected in ten localities surrounding the type locality of Euscorpius carpathicus fanzagoi Simon, 1879. All of them were identified as belonging to the species Euscorpius flavicaudis (De Geer, 1778). E. c. fanzagoi is therefore suggested to be a synonym of E. flavicaudis.

Reference:
Ythier E. On the taxonomic validity of Euscorpius carpathicus fanzagoi Simon, 1879. Le bulletin d’Arthropoda. 2011(45):14-20.

Thanks to Eric for sending me this paper!

Family Euscorpiidae

A new Vaejovis from Arizona (USA) and a redescription of five other Vaejovis

2011-12-16T13:04:00.005+01:00

Garrett Hughes have a published an interesting study of the montane Vaejovis (Vaejovidae) from Arizona (USA). A new species is described:

Vaejovis electrum Hughes, 2011

A morphological analysis of five other related species is presented with a revised diagnosis.

Abstract:
Several scorpions of the genus Vaejovis in Arizona are restricted in range to mountain-top forests. These scorpions, informally referred to as the ‘‘vorhiesi complex’’ are very similar morphologically, but their geographic distribution has attracted the attention of several researchers, resulting in the description of a few new species in recent years. However, these species were described from small sample sizes and were diagnosed with questionable characters that were not sufficiently analyzed. This study evaluates the morphology of scorpions of the ‘‘vorhiesi complex’’ from seven regions in Arizona to verify the validity of the species and their accompanying diagnoses. Morphological characters examined include morphometrics, hemispermatophores, size and shape of subaculear tubercles of the telson vesicle, pectinal tooth counts, pedipalp chela denticle counts, metasomal setal counts, development of metasomal carinae, and tarsal spinule counts. New diagnoses are given for previously described species (V. vorhiesi Stahnke 1940, V. lapidicola Stahnke 1940, V. paysonensis Soleglad 1973, V. cashi Graham 2007 and V. deboerae Ayrey 2009), which are considered valid, based on the morphological evidence gathered. A new species of Vaejovis, V. electrum, is described from the Pinaleno Mountains in Arizona.

Reference:
Hughes GB. Morphological analysis of montane scorpions of the genus Vaejovis (Scorpiones: Vaejovidae) in Arizona with revised diagnoses and description of a new species. J Arachnol. 2011;39(3):420-38. [Subscription required for fulltext, but free fulltext after 12 months]

Thanks to Gerard Dupre for informing me about this paper!

Family Vaejovidae

New locality of Mesobuthus eupeus thersites in Kazakhstan

2011-12-16T09:16:00.002+01:00

Alexander Fomichev has published a new location for Mesobuthus eupeus thersites (C. L. Koch, 1839) (Buthidae) in East Kazakhstan. This species' distribution in Kazakhstan is the second northernmost distribution for scorpions in Asia.

Abstract:
A new locality of Mesobuthus eupeus thersites (C. L. Koch, 1839) is reported, found during the fieldtrip to East Kazakhstan, one of the most northern areas where scorpions are found in Asia. Notes on the habitats, map and photographs of specimens are given.

Reference:
Fomichev AA. A new locality of Mesobuthus eupeus thersites (C. L. Koch, 1839) (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in East Kazakhstan. Euscorpius. 2011(136):1-3. [Free fultext]

A new Orthochirus from southern Morocco

2011-12-15T10:21:00.002+01:00

Lourenco and Leguin have described a new species of Orthochirus Karsch, 1891 (Buthidae) from southern Morocco.

Orthochirus maroccanus Lourenco & Leguin, 2011

Abstract:
Following the recent considerations proposed on the African species of the genus Orthochirus Karsch, 1891, one new species is described from the south of Morocco. The total number of African species is now raised to six.

Reference:
Lourenco WR, Leguin E-A. One more new species of the genus Orthochirus Karsch, 1891 from Africa (Scorpiones: Buthidae). Euscorpius. 2011(135):1-6. [Free fulltext]

Family Buthidae

New Centruroides from Mexico

2011-12-14T08:37:00.003+01:00

Javier Ponce-Saavedra and Oscar Francke have recently described a new species of Centruroides (Buthidae) from the state of Jalisco in Mexico.

Centruroides chamela Ponce-Saavedra & Francke, 2011

Abstract:
Unable to copy English abstract from pdf file - See fulltext for abstracts.

Reference:
Ponce-Saavedra J, Francke OF. Especie nueva de la alacran del genero Centruroides (Scorpiones: Buthidae) de la costa del estado de Jalisco, Mexico. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad. 2011;82:1163-75. [Free fulltext]

Thanks to Dr. Francke for sending me this paper!

The medical significance of Leiurus abdullahbayrami in Turkey

2011-12-12T09:18:00.002+01:00

It is well known that Leiurus quinquestriatus Ehrenberg, 1828 (Buthidae) is the most venomous scorpion based on the LD50 value. In the last decade, three more Leiurus species have been described, but no data has been published on their medical significance (except that it has been safe to assume that they have the same potential as L. quinquestriatus).

Ozkan, Yagmur & Ark have now published a study of the venom of Leiurus abdullahbayrami Yagmur, Koc & Kunt, 2009 from southeastern Turkey and its lethal potency. LD50 studies on mice showed a LD50 value of 0.19 mg/kg, which is an extremely low value meaning a very potent venom. This means that Leiurus abdullahbayrami is a medical significant and potential lethal scorpion.

Abstract:
Currently, medically significant scorpion species belong to the Buthidae family and are represented by the genera Androctonus, Buthus, Mesobuthus, Hottentotta, Parabuthus, Tityus, Centruroides, Leiurus. Although Leiurus was originally considered a monotypic genus, four additional species have since been described. Leiurus abdullahbayrami (previously identified as L. quinquestriatus in Turkey) was classified as a new Leiurus species. This is the first report conducted on the lethality and biologic effects of L. abdullahbayrami scorpion venom in mice. In this study, the electrophoretic protein pattern of its venom was also determined. Two protein bands with molecular masses of 4 and 6 kDa were more strongly detected than other protein bands in the venom sample. Electrophoresis showed that L. abdullahbayrami scorpion venom possesses both short- and long-chain neurotoxins. The median lethal dose of this venom was found to be 0.19 mg/kg by subcutaneous (SC) injection in mice. Animals experimentally envenomed with L. abdullahbayrami venom exhibited hyperexcitability, agitation, aggressive behavior, squeaking and fighting, tachypnea, weakness, convulsions, and death due to cardiac and respiratory failure. In further studies, the potency of antivenom should be investigated in relation to the scorpion venom. Molecular and pharmacological studies are also required to identify and characterize L. abdullahbayrami scorpion venom.

Reference:
Ozkan O, Yagmur EA, Ark M. A newly described scorpion species, Leiurus abdullahbayrami (Scorpion: Buthidae), and the lethal potency and in vivo effects of its venom. Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases. 2011;17(4):414-21.

Thanks to Dr. Ersen Yagmur for sending me this paper!

A new scorpion fossil from cretaceous amber found in Myanmar (Burma)

2011-12-08T14:34:00.002+01:00

Wilson Lourenco and Alex Beigel have published a new family, genus and species of fossil scorpions based on a specimen found in cretaceous amber from Burma.

Chaerilobuthidae Lourenco & Beigel, 2011
Chaerilobuthus Lourenco & Beigel, 2011
Chaerilobuthus complexus Lourenco & Beigel, 2011

Abstract:
A fossil scorpion belonging to a new family, genus and species, Chaerilobuthus complexus gen. n., sp. n., is described from Cretaceous amber of Myanmar (Burma). This is the third species and the fourth scorpion specimen to have been found and described from Burmese amber. The new family seems quite distinct from the family Archaeobuthidae Lourenco, 2001 described from Cretaceous amber of Lebanon.

Reference:
Lourenço WR, Beigel A. A new scorpion fossil from the Cretaceous amber of Myanmar (Burma). New phylogenetic implications. Comptes Rendus Palevol. 2011;10(8):635-9. [subscription required for fulltext]

Thanks to Professor Lourenco for sending me this paper!

Scorpion fauna of northern Saudi Arabia

2011-12-07T10:06:00.004+01:00

Mahmoud Desouky and Ahmed Alshammari have published a survey of the scorpion fauna of the Ha'il Region of northern Saudi Arabia. A molecular phylogenetics for Androctonus crassicauda (Buthidae) and Scorpio maurus kruglovi (Scorpionidae) is also presented.

Abstract:
The present work is a systematic approach to the scorpion fauna of the Ha'il region (Saudi Arabia), based on morphology. In addition, a phylogenetic study of two common species, Androctonus crassicauda and Scorpio maurus kruglovi, was carried out, based on 16S gene sequences. The purpose is to provide an updated account of the scorpion fauna, and to present a brief description on the distribution of the scorpions of this
region, which has been largely neglected and remains poorly known. Eight species of scorpions were identified: seven species and one subspecies belonging to the family Buthidae, and one subspecies belonging to Scorpionidae. Geographic distribution and relative abundance of the species collected were recorded in the study area. We report the 16S gene sequence for two scorpion species, Androctonus crassicauda aud Scorpio maurus krug!ovi, which are the most abundant scorpions in the study area and represent the two reported scorpion families. The gene sequences of these two species were deposited into GenBank with accession numbers HM125965 and 1-IM 125964 for A. crassicauda and S. m. kruglovi respectively. 16S gene sequences from these two taxa were compared with those from other species prevalent in Saudi Arabia, retrieved from GenBank, and aligned sequences were used to constnjct a phylogenetic tree. The results presented provide the first molecular phylogenetic study of the scorpion fauna of Saudi Arabia. Moreover, searching the data base revealed that the 16S gene of S. m. kruglovi was sequenced for the first time. The goal was to evaluate the potential of 16S gene sequencing to provide better resolution of the systematic problems of the Saudi scorpion fauna, and to resolve the phylogenetic relationships among them.

Reference:
Desouky MMA, Alshammari AM. Scorpions of the Ha'il Region, northern Saudi Arabia, and molecular phylogenetics of two common species, Androctonus crassicauda and Scorpio maurus kruglovi. Bull Br Arach Soc. 2011;15(6):193-200.

A revision of the South American genus Orobothriurus with six new species

2011-12-05T10:18:00.004+01:00

Jose Ochoa, Andres Ojanguren Affilastro, Carlos Mattoni and Lorenzo Prendini have now published a systematic revision of the Andean genus Orobothriurus Maury, 1976 (Bothriuridae). The following new species are described:

Orobothriurus calchaqui Ochoa, Ojanguren Affilastro, Mattoni & Prendini, 2011 (Argentina)
Orobothriurus campagnuccii Ochoa, Ojanguren Affilastro, Mattoni & Prendini, 2011 (Argentina)
Orobothriurus huascaran Ochoa, Ojanguren Affilastro, Mattoni & Prendini, 2011 (Peru)
Orobothriurus quewerukana Ochoa, Ojanguren Affilastro, Mattoni & Prendini, 2011 (Peru & Chile)
Orobothriurus ramirezi Ochoa, Ojanguren Affilastro, Mattoni & Prendini, 2011 (Chile)
Orobothriurus tamarugal Ochoa, Ojanguren Affilastro, Mattoni & Prendini, 2011 (Chile)

Most Orobothriurus occur at high altitudes in the Andes Mountains. The paper discuss the occurence of scorpions in high altitudes and a list of scorpions found above 3000 meters in the Andes is presented. The altitude record for scorpions is held by O. huascaran. This species has been found in the Ishinca ravine (Peru) at 4910 meters. Please note that the previous altitude record mentioned in the literature (5500 meters) is not correct (see paper for details).

Abstract:
The systematics of the Andean scorpion genus, Orobothriurus Maury, 1976 (Bothriuridae Simon, 1880), is revised. New locality records, obtained during recent field expeditions, distribution maps, and a key to identification of the 15 known species, are provided. Six new species are described: Orobothriurus calchaqui, n. sp., from northwestern Argentina; Orobothriurus compagnuccii, n. sp., from the central Andes of Argentina; Orobothriurus huascaran, n. sp., from central Peru; Orobothriurus quewerukana, n. sp., from southern Peru and northern Chile; Orobothriurus ramirezi, n. sp., from central Chile; and Orobothriurus tamarugal, n. sp., from northern Chile. The known distribution of Orobothriurus and the altitude record for scorpions are discussed. The world’s altitude record for a scorpion, previously reported as 5550 m, is demonstrated to be 4910 m.

Reference:
Ochoa JA, Ojanguren Affilastro AA, Mattoni CI, Prendini L. Systematic revision of the Andean scorpion genus Orobothriurus Maury, 1976 (Bothriuridae), with discussion of the altitude record for scorpions. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 2011(359):1-90. [Free fultext]

Thanks to Jacek Szubert for informing me about this paper!

Family Bothriuridae

New information on the enigmatic cave scorpion Akrav from Israel

2011-12-01T09:12:00.004+01:00

In 2006 cave explorers found the remains of a very unusual troglobitic scorpion in the Ayyalon Cave in Israel. Later, this scorpion was described as Akrav israchanani Levy, 2007 in a brand new family Akravidae.

Victor Fet, Michael Soleglad and Sergei Zonstein have now been able to examine available Akrav materials (it has been found 20 more or less complete specimens), and have published a detailed redescription and analysis of the species, genus and family.

Interestingly, no live specimens have been found. It also looks like all scorpions died at the same time, indicating a catastrophic extinction event in the cave environment. One theory is that there was a lethal H2S gas event. The scorpions found are not considered fossils, but at the present time it is not known if Akrav is an extinct taxa or not.

The paper has many detailed color pictures of the specimens found. The authors conclude that Akrav probably belongs to the family Superstitioniidae and that the Akravidae family status is not justified. No formal decisions on this matter are done in this paper, as this will be addressed in a forthcoming paper.

And what did Akrav eat in the closed, isolated caves with no large, terrestrial prey items? The authors suggest that the scorpion actually prey on the aquatic crustaceans that are also present in pools of water in the cave. The strange, beak-shaped fingers of the pedipalps seen in this scorpion may be a specialization for catching this kind of prey.

Abstract:
Akrav israchanani, a relict chactoid scorpion from the famous Ayyalon Cave in Israel, is analyzed for the first time since its original description by Gershom Levy (2007). All scorpions found in this cave (20 specimens) were dead, represented by exoskeletons; they are mostly fragmented during collection, many incomplete, but extremely well preserved, and have no evidence of fossilization. Time and cause of death are unknown. Diagnostic characters described by Levy are largely confirmed, and some are further clarified. An exhaustive set of microscopic images is published, encompassing data from all best preserved specimens. Previously unpublished morphological details are illustrated such as exact pattern of trichobothria, finger dentition, structure of pectinal organs, etc. Measurements of type series are provided. Presence of mites (Acari) in the Ayyalon Cave is not confirmed: the only specimen tentatively identified as a mite proved to be a late-stage scorpion embryo found inside one of the females; it is described and illustrated. Phylogenetic placement of Akrav within Recent scorpions is discussed, and its affinity to New World Chactoidea (Superstitioniidae: Typhlochactinae) is demonstrated. Biogeographic and ecological observations are provided. Unusual structure of pedipalp fingertips is suggested to be a device for foraging on aquatic crustaceans abundant in the cave’s pool.

Reference:
Fet V, Soleglad ME, Zonstein SL. The genus Akrav Levy, 2007 (Scorpiones: Akravidae) revisited. Euscorpius. 2011(134):1-49. [Free fulltext]

Family Akravidae

A checlist of the scorpions of Panama

2011-11-21T08:49:00.003+01:00

Rolando Teruel and Michiel Cozijn have recently published a checklist of the scorpions of Panama. Two new records are reported.

Abstract:
In the present note, we compile a checklist of all scorpion species recorded from Panama. A total of three families, five genera and 14 species are confirmed to occur in the country, and previous records of two other families, four genera, and nine species are discarded as misidentifications, mislabelings, or accidental introductions. Two Buthidae species are herein recorded for the first time from Panama: Tityus tayrona Lourenço, 1991 (so far known only from northern Colombia) and one apparently undescribed species of Ananteris Thorell, 1891.

Reference:
Teruel R, Cozijn MAC. A checklist of the scorpions (Arachnida: Scorpiones) of Panama, with two new records. Euscorpius. 2011(133):1-6. [Free fulltext]

A revision of Centruroides margaritatus and some of its closely related species

2011-11-18T12:35:00.005+01:00

Acosta, Teruel and Kovarik have recently published a revision of the South American scorpion Centruroides margaritatus (Gervais, 1841) (Buthidae) and some of its closely related species. Here are some important conclusions:

Centruroides edwardsii (Gervais, 1843) is restored as valid species and its distribution is Mexico through Colombia, but without any reliable records from Guatemala, Belize and Panama. Introduced populations are reported from Cuba and Senegal (Africa).

Centruroides morenoi (Mello-Leitao, 1945) is synonymized with C. margaritatus (Gervais, 1841).

Confirmed distribution of Centruroides margaritatus (Gervais, 1841) is northwestern South America (Peru, Ecuador & Colombia). The species is also introduced to Cuba and Jamaica.

Abstract:
Centruroides edwardsii (Gervais, 1843) comb. nov. is restored as a valid species, and a male neotype from Riohacha, La Guajira Department, Colombia is herein designated; this species ranges from Mexico through Colombia, but there are no reliable records from Guatemala, Belize, and Panama; introduced populations also occur in Cuba (West Indies) and Senegal (Africa). We regard the following species as its junior synonyms: Scorpio (Atreus) degeerii Gervais, 1844, Centrurus gambiensis Karsch, 1879, Centruroides margaritatus septentrionalis Hoffmann, 1932, and Rhopalurus danieli Prado et Rios-Patiño, 1940. We also consider Centruroides margaritatus morenoi Mello-Leitão, 1945 as a junior synonym of Centruroides margaritatus (Gervais, 1841). After these taxonomic changes, the confirmed distribution of C. margaritatus includes northwestern South America (Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia), and the West Indies (introduced in Cuba and Jamaica).

Reference:
de Armas LF, Teruel R, Kovarik F. On Centruroides margaritatus (Gervais, 1841) and closely related species (Scorpiones: buthidae). Euscorpius. 2011(132):1-16. [Free fulltext]

Family Buthidae

Scorpion diversity in the Sidi Ifni province in Morocco

2011-11-15T08:42:00.002+01:00

Oulaid Touloun and Ali Boumezzough have studied the scorpion fauna of the province of Sidi Ifni in Morocco. Five species are reported, all endemic to Morocco.

Abstract:
The pre‐Saharan and Saharan regions of Morocco are rarely affected by inventory studies of scorpiofauna. Our investigations in the Sidi Ifni province has allowed to us to inventory five species of scorpions, all of them endemic from Morocco. The family Buthidae is represented by four species Androctonus mauritanicus (Pocock, 1902), Butheoloides (Butheoloides) littoralis Lourenço, Touloun & Boumezzough, 2011, Buthus elmoutaouakili Lourenço & Qi, 2006, Hottentota gentili (Pallary, 1924), that of Scorpionidae is represented by a single species Scorpio mogadorensis (Birula, 1910). This work has also helped to complete the distribution areas of some of these species.

Reference:
Touloun O, Boumezzough A. Contribution a l'inventaire et la repartition des scorpions de la province de Sidi Ifni (Maroc). Poiretia. 2011(3):8-15. [Free fulltext]

Thanks to Dr. Touloun for sending me this paper!

Scorpion diversity in the Souf region in Algeria

2011-11-09T12:58:00.003+01:00

Salah Eddine Sadine and co-workers have studied the scorpion fauna in the Souf region in Algeria. Eight species from two families are reported. This is the first study of the scorpion fauna from this region.

Abstract:
No abstract available.

Reference:
Sadine SE, Bissat S, Ould Elhadj MD. Premieres donnees sur la diversite scorpionique dans la region du Souf (Algerie). Arachnides. 2011(61):2-10.

Thanks to Salah Eddine Sadine and Gerard Dupre for sending me this paper!

A PhD thesis with a major analysis of Rhopalurus

2011-11-09T09:00:00.003+01:00

Humberto Yoji Yamaguti has presented a PhD thesis with a major analysis and revision of the South American genus Rhopalurus Thorell, 1876 (Buthidae). The thesis is published in Portuguese, which I can not read, but based on the English abstract the author concludes that the genus should be split into four genera (Rhopalurus, Heteroctenus, new genus A and new genus B). Several species are synonymized. See abstract for details.

NB! Please note that the taxonomic decision made in this thesis are not formally valid as a thesis is not considered published according to the ICZN code (Fet, Kovarik, Teruel, personal communications). I expect Yamaguti will publish his interesting results in scientific journals in the near future, making them formally valid.

Abstract:
A relationship hypothesis is proposed for the genus Rhopalurus Thorell, 1876 (Scorpiones: Buthidae). The genus has 19 valid species and two valid subspecies, and is diagnosed mainly by the presence of an stridulatory apparatus and by the expansion of the metassomal segments. The monophyly of Rhopalurus was never tested within a phylogenetic analysis, neither was the useness of those characters to support the genus. The analysis was made with 14 spp of Rhopalurus and 17 spp from other six Buthidae genera. We have used five genes (18S, 28S, 12S, 16S, and COI) and 86 morphological characters in a total evidence analysis, through parsimony and direct optimization. The genus Rhopalurus is paraphyletic and divided in four genera, here described: Rhopalurus, Heteroctenus (revalidation), gên. nov. A, and gên, nov. B. Synonymies: R. amazonicus and R. crassicauda paruensis with R. crassicauda, R. virkkii with H. abudi, R. acromelas with gên. nov. B agamemnon, R. pintoi kourouensis with gên. nov. B pintoi. Some of the South American genera (Rhopalurus, Physoctonus, and gên. nov. B) relate the Brazilian northeast with the north of South America, and the found patterns suggest allopatric speciation within these genera. The Heteroctenus patterns suggest dispersion from North America to the Greater Antilles, with later speciation events in each island. We also discuss a putative populational structure of gên. nov. B rochae. The presence of the stridulatory apparatus doesn't gather the former species of the genus. Furthermore, a detailed study reveals the existence of three different morphological types. Based on the obtained phylogeny, we related each one of these types with the genera where they occur (Rhopalurus, Heteroctenus, and gên. nov. B).

Reference:
Yamaguti HY. Analise filogenetica e biogeografica do genero Rhopalurus Thorell, 1876 (Arachnida: Scorpiones: Buthidae) [These de Doctorat]. Sao Paulo: Universidad de Sao Paulo; 2011. [Free fulltext]

Thanks to Carlos Turiel, Jacek Szubert and Rolando Teruel for informing me about this thesis!

Family Buthidae

New data on Chilean Urophonius including a new species

2011-11-07T09:51:00.003+01:00

Andres Ojanguren-Affilastro, Jaime Pizarro-Araya and Lorenzo Prendini have published new data on some Chilean Urphonius (Bothriuridae). Here are the main results:

New species:
Urophonius mondacai Ojanguren-Affilastro, Pizarro-Araya & Lorenzo Prendini, 2011

Redescriptions:
Urophonius transandinus Acosta, 1998
Urophonius tumbensis Cekalovic, 1981

The paper has an identification key for the genus in Chile.

Abstract:
New data are provided on Chilean species of the bothriurid genus Urophonius Pocock, 1893. Urophonius mondacai, n. sp., from central Chile is described. Urophonius tumbensis Cekalovic, 1981, is redescribed according to modern standards, and information about its distribution and ecology provided. Urophonius transandinus Acosta, 1998, is redescribed, its known distribution enlarged, and data on the morphological variation among its populations provided. A modification to Maury’s (1973) group division of the genus is presented. Urophonius is divided into two groups instead of three as proposed by Acosta (1988). A distribution map for the three species covered in this contribution is provided, together with a key to the Chilean species of the genus.

Reference:
Ojanguren Affilastro AA, Pizarro-Araya J, Prendini L. New data on Chilean Urophonius Pocock, 1893 (Scorpiones, Bothriuridae), with description of a new species. American Museum Novitates. 2011(3725):1-44. [Free fultext]

Thanks to Gerard Dupre for sending me this paper!

Family Bothriuridae

Buthus atrostriatus = Vachonus atrostriatus = Mesobuthus eupeus atrostriatus = Compsobuthus atrostriatus

2011-11-04T12:20:00.006+01:00

Taxanomy is never easy! Yesterday I blogged about a recent paper about the Scorpions of Iran, Part VII. In this paper, Buthus atrostriatus Pocock, 1897 (Buthidae) was changed to Compsobuthus atrostriatus (Pocock, 1897). I didn't mention this yesterday as I couldn't find any Buthus atrostriatus in The Scorpion Files.

The reason for this is that Tikader & Bastawade moved B. atrostriatus to the new genus Vachonus in 1983, and the current name for this taxa in The Scorpion Files has been Vachonus atrostriatus (Pocock, 1897). This status was not mentioned in the scorpions of Iran paper. It also turns out that Buthus atrostriatus has been reported as Mesobuthus euepus atrostriatus (Pocock, 1897) by some authors after 1983.

Anyway, this taxa is now Compsobuthus atrostriatus (Pocock, 1897) and I hope that decision will stand as it was based on an analysis of the type.

A big thanks to professor Victor Fet for helping me sort out the status of this scorpion!

Reference:
Navidpour S, Ezatkhah M, Kovarik F, Soleglad ME, Fet V. Scorpions of Iran (Arachnida: Scorpiones). Part VII. Kerman Province. Euscorpius. 2011(131):1-32. [Free fulltext]

Family Buthidae

Scorpions of Iran Part VII - Kerman Province

2011-11-03T09:20:00.005+01:00

Part VII of a major review of the scorpions of Iran has been published in issue 131 of the journal Euscorpius.

The paper lists 13 species (six new records for the province) in two families from the Kerman Province and their distribution. The taxonomy of some problematic taxa is discussed.

An identification key for the species in the province is given. Good color photos are presented for the species and also some habitat pictures.

Abstract:
Thirteen species of scorpions belonging to two families are reported from the Kerman Province of Iran. Of these, the species Compsobuthus kaftani Kovařík, 2003, Mesobuthus macmahoni (Pocock, 1900), Orthochirus farzanpayi (Vachon et Farzanpay, 1987), Polisius persicus Fet, Capes et Sissom, 2001, Sassanidotus gracilis (Birula, 1900), and Hemiscorpius lepturus Peters, 1861 are recorded from the province for the first time. Kerman Province contains type localities of six species of scorpions, of which Kraepelinia palpator (Birula, 1903) and Orthochirus gruberi Kovařík et Fet, 2006 are valid. Prionurus crassicauda orientalis Birula, 1900 is a synonym of Androctonus crassicauda (Olivier, 1807), Buthus eupeus kirmanensis Birula, 1900 and Buthus pachysoma Birula, 1900 are probably synonyms of Mesobuthus eupeus persicus (Pocock, 1899), and Buthus gabrielis Werner, 1929, according to published information and occurrences near the type locality, probably is a synonym of Sassanidotus gracilis (Birula, 1900). These taxonomic problems are discussed below. Also, Buthus atrostriatus Pocock, 1897 is transferred to genus Compsobuthus. A key to all species of scorpions found in Kerman Province is presented.

Reference:
Navidpour S, Ezatkhah M, Kovarik F, Soleglad ME, Fet V. Scorpions of Iran (Arachnida: Scorpiones). Part VII. Kerman Province. Euscorpius. 2011(131):1-32. [Free fulltext]

Abnormal pectines in a Vaejovis

2011-11-02T13:55:00.004+01:00

Sometimes scorpions with abnormal body parts are discovered. Pepe - The Two-Tailed scorpion is probably one of the most "famous" examples. Richard Ayrey now reports about a Vaejovis lapidicola (Vaejovidae) with abnormal pectines.

Abstract:
Among specimens of Vaejovis lapidicola Stahnke, one female was found to have abnormally shaped pectines, both with only distal pectinal teeth. This rare, possibly teratological anomaly is documented and discussed.

Reference:
Ayrey RF. An anomaly of pectinal organs in Vaejovis lapidicola (Scorpiones: Vaejovidae). Euscorpius. 2011(130):1-6. [Free fulltext]

The Rolando Teruel picture gallery of scorpions of Cuba

2011-10-27T13:08:00.002+02:00

Rolando Teruel has shared his great pictures of the scorpions found on Cuba with The Scorpion Files. The individual species are listed in the gallery, but I have also a made a special gallery devoted only to the species of Cuba.

The Rolando Teruel picture gallery of scorpions of Cuba

I big thanks to Rolando for sharing the pictures with us!

New Pandinus from Ethiopia and Uganda and a review of the subgenus Pandinus

2011-10-03T09:28:00.004+02:00

Frantisek Kovarik has recently published a review of the subgenus Pandinus Thorell, 1876 of Pandinus Thorell, 1876 (Scorpionidae). Two new species are described:

Pandinus mazuchi Kovarik, 2011 (Ethiopia)
Pandinus ugandaensis Kovarik, 2011 (Uganda)

The paper has taxonomical descriptions, distributional data and habitat information of the species within the subgenus. A identification guide for the subgenus is also presented.

This paper is of great interest both to professional researchers and scorpion enthusiasts as it involves several species that are popular in the pet industry and may make it more easy to identify some of the species sold to captive care. Pandinus sp. Uganda has been offered by several suppliers in Europe. It will be interesting to see if these belong to the new species mentioned above.

Abstract:
Pandinus (Pandinus) ugandaensis sp. n. from Uganda and P. (P.) mazuchi sp. n. from Ethiopia are described and compared with other species of the subgenus. P. ugandaensis sp. n. is characterized by 3-4/3: 3-4/3: 4/3: 4/3 spiniform formula of tarsomere II and only two spines on the inclined anteroventral surface of tarsomere II; eight ventral trichobothria on the chela; 10–11 pectinal teeth in females and 13–14 in males; and 1.6–1.7 length to depth ratio of the fourth metasomal segment. P. (P.) mazuchi sp. n. is characterized by 7/4: 6-7/4: 6-7/5-6: 8/5 spiniform formula of tarsomere II and only two spines on the inclined anteroventral surface of tarsomere II; 10 ventral trichobothria on the chela; 15–17 pectinal teeth; and 1.85 length to depth ratio of the fourth metasomal segment. New data on taxonomic characters, occurences and ecology of P. smithi (Pocock, 1897) and P. phillipsii (Pocock, 1896) are given and the presence of P. smithi (Pocock, 1897) in Ethiopia is verified. Presented are also photos of localities and a key to species of the subgenus.

Reference:
Kovarik F. A review of the subgenus Pandinus Thorell, 1876 with descriptions of two new species from Uganda and Ethiopia (Scorpiones: Scorpionidae). Euscorpius. 2011(129):1-18. [Free fulltext]

Family Scorpionidae

Anascorp® is approved in the treatment of Centruroides envenomations in the USA

2011-09-28T13:41:00.005+02:00

Quite a lot of peoples in Southwestern USA are stung by Centruroides sculpturatus Ewing, 1928 each year, and some (especially children) develop more serious, systemic symptoms. FDA has now approved the use of the anti-venom Anascorp®, which has shown to help children recover from life-threatening reactions due to Centruroides stings.

This news has been reported in several online sources, but I cite JAMA (Journal of the American Medical Association) here because I was asked to provide a picture to accompany their news report :)) (JAMA is one of the "big-five" scientific journals in medicine).

Reference:
Kuehn BM. Treatment for scorpion stings. JAMA. 2011;306(12):1315. [Free fulltext?]

A new species of Chaerilus from Vietnam

2011-09-26T08:27:00.004+02:00

Wilson Lourenco has recently published a new species of Chaerilus Simon, 1877 (Chaerilidae) from Vietnam.

Chaerilus phami Lourenco, 2011

Abstract:
The scorpion fauna of the Island of Con Son (Poulo Condore), Vietnam is briefly discussed and a new species, Chaerilus phami sp. n. is described. The new species is morphologically distinct from all the other species of Chaerilus described from the mainland in Vietnam.

Reference:
Lourenço WR. Scorpions from the Island of Côn Son (Poulo Condore), Vietnam and description of a new species of Chaerilus Simon, 1877 (Scorpiones, Chaerilidae). Comptes Rendus - Biologies. 2011;334:773-6. [Subscription required for fulltext]

Family Chaerilidae

Hemiscorpius lepturus sting - a case report

2011-09-21T13:22:00.003+02:00

Almost all dangerous scorpions (and all species in the family Buthidae) have neurotoxic venom. Hemiscorpius lepturus Peters, 1861 (Hemiscorpiidae) from Iran and Iraq has a venom composition differing significantly from the species of medical importance in Buthidae (by having a cytotoxic venom). And this species is at least as dangerous as the most potent species in Buthidae, causing renal failure, severe pulmonary hemorrhage and other dangerous conditions in many patients.

Eshan Valavi and co-workers have now published a case report of a Hemiscorpius lepturus sting from Iran describing both symptoms and why the venom causes these potential life threatening symptoms.

Abstract:
Hemiscorpius lepturus is a lethal scorpion with potentially cytotoxic venom. Various degrees of local and systemic toxicity have been observed after its envenomation ranging from local erythema to disseminated intravascular coagulation, renal failure and severe pulmonary hemorrhage. In this case report, we report on a seven-year-old patient who developed the hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) after being stung by the scorpion H. lepturus. This condition is characterized by microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, increased serum levels of lactate dehydrogenase and uremia. We evaluated the causes of HUS and found that the levels of C3, C4, CH50 and H factors were normal, but the activity of Von Willebrand factor cleaving protease was decreased (less than 5% of the normal activity). The patient improved after administering therapy with plasma exchange.

Reference:
Valavi E, Ansari MJ, Hoseini S. ADAMTS-13 deficiency following Hemiscorpius lepturus scorpion sting. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2011 Jul-Aug;22(4):792-5. [free fulltext]

Tityus smithii restored and a revision of Tityus from the Lesser Antilles

2011-09-19T09:36:00.002+02:00

Rolando Teruel has made a revision of the Tityus described from the Lesser Antilles. Tityus smithii Pocock, 1893 is restored to species status and redescribed. Tityus pictus Pocock, 1893 is redescribed.

Abstract:
In the present paper, the taxonomic status of Tityus pictus Pocock, 1893 and all of its junior synonyms is revised. Tityus smithii Pocock, 1893 is restored as a valid species, and the subspecies Tityus smithii microdon Pocock, 1893 (currently T. pictus microdon) is regarded as its junior synonym. Both T. pictus and T. smithii are redescribed, supplementary information on their morphological variability are given, and their geographical distribution is up- dated, including a new locality record for the latter. Also, the taxonomic position and relationships of all Lesser Antillean species of the genus are clarified: it is demonstrated that T. exstinctus Lourenço, 1995 and Tityus insignis Pocock, 1889 are actually more closely related to T. pictus and T. smithii, and they all form a morphologically compact group of species which shows no clear affinities to any other species-group but “crassimanus” and “quisqueyanus”.

Reference:
Teruel R. Redescription of Tityus pictus Pocock, 1893 and Tityus smithii Pocock, 1893, with notes of the Tityus species from Lesser Antilles (Scorpiones: Buthidae). Euscorpius. 2011(125):1-26. [Free fultext].

Family Buthidae

New Buthus species from Ethiopia

2011-09-15T08:19:00.002+02:00

Frantisek Kovarik has described a new species of Buthus Leach, 1815 (Buthidae) from Ethiopia.

Buthus awashensis Kovarik, 2011

Abstract:
Buthus awashensis sp. n. from the Awash region of Ethiopia, is described and compared with B. berberensis Pocock, 1900 from Somaliland. The new species is characterized chiefly by the total length of 50–65 mm. B. berberensis reaches only 45–55 mm and differs in coloration, with adults having the chela of pedipalp and chelicerae entirely yellow without dark reticulations, and by mophometric characters, mainly the shape of the chela of pedipalp. Pectinal marginal tips extend the to proximal end of the fourth sternite in males of B. awashensis sp. n. and to proximal end of the fifth sternite in males of B. berberensis. Included are color photos of both sexes of dead and alive B. awashensis sp. n. and B. berberensis and of their localities.

Reference:
Kovarik F. Buthus awashensis sp. n. from Ethiopia (Scorpiones: Buthidae). Euscorpius. 2011(128):1-6. [Free fulltext]

Family Buthidae

New Centruroides from Lesser Antilles and a redescription of Centruroides granosus

2011-09-14T14:42:00.002+02:00

de Armas, Teruel & Kovarik have published a paper where they present a redescription of Centruroides granosus (Thorell, 1876) (Buthidae) from Panama.

In the same paper the identity of Centrurus granosus simplex Thorell, 1876 from the Lesser Antilles is discussed. The authors propose a species status for Centruroides simplex (Thorell, 1876). C. simplex is proposed as a senior synonym of Centruroides hasethi arubensis Stahnke & Calos, 1977 and Centruroides testaceus arubensis Sissom, 1991.

Abstract:
Centruroides granosus (Thorell, 1876) is redescribed based on several specimens of both sexes from Panama. We demonstrate that the original description of this species was based on an immature (subadult) male, which is herein designated as the lectotype. We conclude that Centrurus granosus simplex Thorell, 1876 is a senior synonym of Centruroides testaceus arubensis (Bakker, 1963), and elevate it to species level: Centruroides simplex (Thorell, 1876), comb. nov.

Reference:
de Armas LF, Teruel R, Kovarik F. Redescription of Centruroides granosus (Thorell, 1876) and identity of Centrurus granosus simplex Thorell, 1876 (Scorpiones: Buthidae). Euscorpius. 2011(127):1-11. [Free fultext]

Family Buthidae

Redescription of the adult male Diplocentrus maya

2011-09-07T08:17:00.002+02:00

Ronny Trujillo and Luis de Armas have published a redescription of the adult male Diplocentrus maya Francke, 1977 (Scorpionidae*) from Guatemala. The paper also has a identification key for the species of Diplocentrus in Guatemala.

Abstract:
The male of Diplocentrus maya Francke 1977 is described, and new data are given on this taxon. A dichotomic key is provided for identification of the three Guatemalan species of the genus Diplocentrus Peters, 1861.

Reference:
Trujillo RE, de Armas LF. Descripcion del macho adulto de Diplocentrus maya Francke, 1977 (Scorpiones: Scorpionidae: Diplocentrinae). Boletin de la SEA. 2011(48):139-42.

Thanks to Ronny Trujillo for sending me this paper!

*Some authors have not accepted the inclusion of Diplocentrinae in Scorpionidae and have retained the family status for this taxa (Diplocentridae).

Family Scorpionidae

The status of Mesobuthus eupeus in Iran and species status for one of its subspecies

2011-09-05T14:28:00.003+02:00

Omid Mirshamsi and co-workers have studied the different subspecies and populations of the widespread and polymorphic species Mesobuthus eupeus (C. L. Koch, 1939) in Iran. The studies revealed two distinct groups, resulting in an elevation to species status for Mesobuthus eupeus phillipsi (Pocock, 1889).

Mesobuthus phillipsi (Pocock, 1889) (Buthidae)

Abstract:
In the present study a number of scorpions from Iran classified under the name of Mesobuthus eupeus (C.L. Koch, 1839) were considered. Currently, M. eupeus includes at least 14 described subspecies with no concrete taxonomic position. Here, this species is redescribed based on new specimens collected from Iran. In addition, multivariate statistical analyses were performed to investigate the degree of intraspecific morphological divergence of M. eupeus based on six Iranian subspecies. The results of morphological comparisons and univariate and multivariate statistical analyses confirm the high phenotypic variability within this species. The data presented here revealed two distinct groups: I. M. e. phillipsi and, II. Including five subspecies namely, M. e. eupeus, M. e. philippovitschi, M. e. thersites M. e. afghanus and M. e. kirmanensis. The results of this study clearly confirm the hypothesis that M. eupeus is a polytypic species complex and possibly includes more than one valid species. Therefore, according to comparative morphological analysis, M. e. phillipsi was raised to the species level.

Reference:
Mirshamsi O, Sari A, Elahi E, Hosseinie S. Mesobuthus eupeus (Scorpiones: Buthidae) from Iran: A polytypic species complex. Zootaxa. 2011(2929):1-21. [Subscription required for fulltext]

Family Buthidae

Tityus ythieri lives and more on its biology

2011-09-02T08:41:00.004+02:00

Tityus ythieri Lourenco, 2007 (Buthidae) was synonymized with T. magnimanus Pocock, 1897 in 2009 by Kovarik et al. Eric Ythier has revoked the decision by Kovarik et al. based on the fact that they didn't use the real T. ytheri in their study. See paper for more details.

In the current paper, Ythier also presents new data on the biology and reproduction of Tityus ythieri. This species only occurs in Ecuador.

Abstract:
Biological notes on the life cycle of Tityus ythieri Lourenço, 2007 were provided with the description of the species. Additional biological data on the postembryonic development of T. ythieri are described in the present paper.

Reference:
Ythier E. Additional biological data on Tityus ythieri Lourenço, 2007. Le bulletin d’Arthropoda. 2011(44):3-7.

Thanks to Eric for sending me this paper!

Family Buthidae

Distribution of dangerous scorpions in Brazilian Amazonia

2011-08-31T13:05:00.004+02:00

It is well known that the scorpion fauna of South America and Brazil hosts scorpions of medical importance, particularly in the genus Tityus C. L. Koch, 1836 (Buthidae). The number of species listed as potential dangerous in the medical literature has been (and is) quite low. This is problematic as the number of new species in this region has increased considerably in the last four decades. It is highly probable that the number of species of medical importance is higher than previously suggested.

Wilson Lourenco address this problem in a recently published article. Here he presents a list of potential dangerous species in the genus Tityus (subgenus Atreus) in Brazilian Amazonas and their distribution. Information on how to identify the different species is also given.

Abstract:
A geographical survey is proposed to thirteen species of the genus Tityus C. L. Koch, subgenus Atreus Gervais, distributed in Brazilian Amazonia. Since several of these species are of medical importance, their diagnoses are proposed and geographical distribution is discussed.

Reference:
Lourenco WR. The distribution of noxious species of scorpions in Brazilian Amazonia: the genus Tityus C. L. Koch, 1836, subgenus Atreus gervais, 1843 (Scorpiones, Buthidae). Entomol Mitt Zool Mus Hamburg. 2011;15(185):287-301.

Thanks to professor Lourenco for sending me this paper!

A new species of Hemiscorpius from Somaliland (Somalia)

2011-08-29T09:03:00.004+02:00

Kovarik & Mazuch have published a paper presenting a new species of Hemiscorpius Peters, 1861 (Hemiscorpiidae) from Somaliland (Somalia):

Hemiscorpius novaki Kovarik & Mazuch, 2011

Abstract:
Hemiscorpius novaki sp. n. from Somaliland is described and compared with other African species of the genus. The new species is characterized chiefly by the total length of 40–46 mm; yellow to yellowish-brown color with pedipalp fingers reddish brown to black, darker than the chela; slightly longer metasoma in the male than in the female. These characters distinguish H. novaki sp. n. from H. somalicus Lourenço, 2011. The third African species of the genus, H. tellinii Borelli, 1904, is known only from the female holotype, which differs from females of H. novaki sp. n. in having much less pronounced granulation of dorsal carinae on the first through fourth metasomal segments and in shape of the genital operculum.

Reference:
Kovarik F, Mazuch T. Hemiscorpius novaki sp. n. from Somaliland (Scorpiones: Hemiscorpiidae). Euscorpius. 2011(126):1-9. [Free fulltext]

Thanks to Tomas Mazuch for sending me the paper!

Family Hemiscorpiidae

An update on the Chinese Scorpiops

2011-08-20T16:54:00.003+02:00

Zhi-Young Di and co-workers have published an update on the status of Scorpiops Peters, 1861 (Euscorpiidae) in China and an updated identification key for the genus in China.

Abstract:
The genus Scorpiops (Euscorpiidae) is recorded for the first time in Central China. Two immature specimens of a form belonging to Scorpiops hardwickii (Gervais, 1843) “complex” were collected from Huzhaoshan Mountains in Hubei Province. A discussion of Chinese species of genus Scorpiops is provided, as well as a key of Scorpiops from China.

Reference:
Di Z-Y, He Y-W, Cao Z-J, Wu Y-L, Li W-X. The first record of the family Euscorpiidae (Arachnida: Scorpiones) from Central China, with a key of Chinese species of the genus Scorpiops. Euscorpius. 2011(118):1-9. [Free fulltext]

Euscorpiidae

Growth and longevity in Nebo hierochonticus

2011-08-15T11:51:00.003+02:00

Professor M. R. Warburg has published an interesting article where he discuss the problems of researching growth and longevity in scorpions. In the paper he presents results of own long term studies of Nebo hierochonticus Simon, 1872 (Scorpionidae) in captivity. Interestingly, female N. hierochonticus can at least reach 18 years (and maybe longer because the specimens was alive when Warburg studies were ended).

Abstract:
During a long-term study of scorpions, it was possible to follow for 15 years the growth (increase in mass) in the laboratory of adult Nebo hierochonticus (Simon, 1875). The groth rate is highest during the first years (0.75 g/yr), dropping with age to 0.1 g/yr. During this long captivity period it also became possible to study their longevity. Longevity of two females was 15 and 18 years. Problems involved in the various methods used to assess growth and to estimate longevity are discussed.

Reference:
Warburg MR. Growth and longevity of Nebo hierochonticus in the laboratory: a long term study (Scorpiones, Diplocentridae). Bull Br Arach Soc. 2011;15(5):168-72.

Scorpions in ancient Egypt

2011-08-14T13:50:00.003+02:00

For those interested in scorpions in myths and history, Hisham El-Hennaway has written an excellent paper summing up what is known about scorpions in ancient Egypt. The paper is illustrated with many great pictures. Enjoy!

Abstract:
The ancient Egyptians knew the scorpion and its toxicity, and venerated it since pre-dynastic era. They used the scorpion as a king's name, a name of a nome (county), and a symbol to their goddess, Serqet, that protects the body and the viscera of the dead, and that accompanies them in their journey to the afterlife. They had medical prescriptions and magical spells to heal the stings. Since the 5th dynasty, the title of a “Follower of Serket” was given to clever physicians. Scorpions are most famously depicted on Horus Cippus, a talisman featuring Horus the Child holding in his hands figures of serpents, scorpions, and dangerous animals. A drawing of a scorpion with two metasomas was found in the tomb of the pharaoh Seti I (1290–1279 BC), probably the first record of this abnormality, more than 13 centuries before Pliny the Elder.

Reference:
El-Hennawy H, K. Scorpions in ancient Egypt. Euscorpius. 2011(119):1-12. [Free fulltext]

A new Diplocentrus from Mexico

2011-08-11T12:36:00.003+02:00

Contreras-Felix and Santibanez-Lopez have described a new species in Diplocentrus Peters, 1861 from Jalisco, Mexico.

Diplocentrus bicolor Contreras-Felix & Santibanez-Lopez, 2011 (Scorpionidae)

Abstract:
Diplocentrus bicolor sp. n. from Huejuquilla el Alto, in northern Jalisco and two nearby localities in Zacatecas is described. It is compared to its geographically closer species from Zacatecas, Aguascalientes and Nayarit. A map with its known distribution is provided.

Reference:
Contreras-Felix G, Santibanez-Lopez CE. Diplocentrus bicolor sp. n. (Scorpiones: Diplocentridae) from Jalisco, Mexico. Zootaxa. 2011(2992):61-8. [free fulltext?]

Thanks to dr. Santibanez-Lopez for sending me this paper!

Family Scorpionidae

Jean-Henri Fabre and Buthus occitanus

2011-08-10T10:16:00.003+02:00

Marco Colombo has written a very interesting article on the french naturalist Jean-Henri Fabre and his contributions to the knowledge of the Languedoc Yellow Scorpion, Buthus occitanus (Amoreuxi, 1789).

Abstract:
Jean-Henri Casimir Fabre (1823–1915) has probably been one of the most important entomologists of the world in the last two centuries, leaving to posterity a huge amount of manuscripts and books. The Languedoc yellow scorpion, Buthus occitanus (Amoreaux, 1789), has been one of his objects of study: many of its behaviours, including the famous “promenade a deux”, have been described by the careful eye of the French entomologist, giving an interesting contribution to modern scorpiology.

Reference:
Colombo M. On Fabre's traces: an important contributor to the knowledge of Buthus occitanus (Amoreux, 1789). Euscorpius. 2011(117):1-10. [Free fulltext]

By the way, Marco is a great wildlife photographer. Check out his gallery page.

Orthochirus in Africa and three new species

2011-08-08T11:52:00.004+02:00

Wilson Lourenco and Elise-Anne Leguin have studied Orthochirus Karsch, 1891 (Buthidae) material from Africa and have revised the descriptions for O. aristidis (Simon, 1882) and O. innesi Simon, 1910. In addition, they have described three new species in the genus from northern Africa.

Orthochirus atarensis Lourenco & Leguin, 2011 (Mauritania)
Orthochirus cloudsleythompsoni Lourenco & Leguin, 2011 (Morocco)
Orthochirus tassili Lourenco & Leguin, 2011 (Algeria)

A key to the five African species of Orthochirus is given.

Abstract:
New considerations are proposed regarding the African species of the genus Orthochirus Karsch, 1891. Two species, Orthochirus aristidis (Simon, 1882) and Orthochirus innesi Simon, 1910 have been the subject of several publications in the past decades; however, doubts remain about their exact identity and range of geographical distribution. In this note, their taxonomic status is reinvestigated. The type material is revised and the lectotype and paralectotypes are designated for O. aristidis. Revised diagnoses and illustrations are proposed for both species, and these are confirmed as valid. Three new species are described from Algeria, Morocco, and Mauritania. The total number of African species is raised to five.

Reference:
Lourenco WR, Leguin E-A. Further considerations on the species of the genus Orthochirus Karsch, 1891 from Africa, with description of three new species (Scorpiones: Buthidae). Euscorpius 2011:1-19. [Free fulltext]

Family Buthidae

“SCORPIONS 2011” John L. Cloudsley-Thompson 90th Birthday Commemorative Volume

2011-08-08T08:52:00.002+02:00

The online Journal Euscorpius is celebrating scorpionology's grand old man John L. Cloudsley-Thompson's 90th Birthday by publishing a special volume with 10 articles by 19 authors. I'm going to report the results of the research articles in the days to come, but those who can not wait can click on the link below and browse down issues 116-125 in the bottom of the page.

Euscorpius

A new Buthus from Morocco

2011-08-04T09:06:00.004+02:00

Touloun & Boumezzough have described a new species of Buthus Leach, 1815 (Buthidae) from Morocco:

Buthus boumalenii Touloun & Boumezzough, 2011

Abstract:
A new species of the genus Buthus Leach, 1815 (Scorpiones, Buthidae) belonging to the "Buthus occitanus” complex is described from the region of Boumalene in Morocco. The description of Buthus boumalenii sp. n. raises the total number of Buthus species known from Morocco to fourteen and confirms that this complex is an isolated group of species, "the Atlas group".

Reference:
Touloun O, Boumezzough A. Une nouvelle espece du genre Buthus Leach, 1815 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) du Maroc. Boletin de la SEA. 2011(48):183-7.

Family Buthidae

A new Centruroides from Honduras

2011-08-03T09:47:00.004+02:00

Rolando Teruel has recently described a new Centruroides (Buthidae) from Honduras:

Centruroides hirsuticauda Teruel, 2011

A identification key for the genus in Honduras is provided.

Abstract:
A new species of the genus Centruroides Marx 1890 is herein described from the west-central region of Honduras, which has been previously confused with Centruroides margaritatus (Gervais 1841). This species can be distinguished from the remaining members of the "margariatus" group by its relatively small size and the abundant metasomal setation, among other features. A key for the identification of the four Honduran members of this group is included.

Reference:
Teruel R. Una nueva especie de Centruroides Marx 1890 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) de Honduras, America Central. Boletin de la SEA. 2011(48):61-6.

Family Buthidae

Two new Lychas and new status for to buthid genera

2011-07-29T09:11:00.004+02:00

Wilson Lourenco has looked into the "Ananteris phylogenetic group" (Buthidae) in his recent paper and published the following conclusions:

New species:
Lychas eliseanneae Lourenco, 2011 (Indonesia).
Lychas inexpectatus Lourenco, 2011 (Laos).

New status:
Ananteroides Borelli, 1911 (from synonymy with Ananteris Thorell, 1891).
Microananteris Lourenco, 2003 (from synonymy with Ananteris Thorell, 1891).

New combination:
Ananteroides feae Borelli, 1911 (previously Ananteris feae (Borelli, 1911)).
Microananteris minor Lourenco, 2003 (previously Ananteris minor (Lourenco, 2003)).

See paper for details.

Abstract:
The composition of the “Ananteris group” (sense Fet et al., 2005) is tentatively proposed. The worldwide geographical pattern of distribution of the elements associated to this “phylogenentic group” is discussed. The biogeographic patterns presented by extant and fossil elements of this group confirm a model of panbiogeographic distribution which clearly corresponds with old Pangaean patterns. Two new species are described in the genus Lychas C. L. Koch. These suggest possible links between elements of the most basal “Ananteris group” and other buthids.

References:
Lourenco WR. The "Ananteris group" (Scorpiones: Buthidae); suggested composition and possible links with other buthids. Boletin de la SEA. 2011(48):105-13.

Thanks to Professor Lourenco for sending me this paper!

Family Buthidae

The genetics of Hottentotta from Morocco

2011-07-27T10:18:00.002+02:00

Pedro Sousa and co-workers have collected Hottentotta from Morocco and done genetical and phylogentical analysis of the populations found. The Maghrebian Hottentotta consist of the two species H. franzwerneri (Birula, 1914) and H. gentili (Pallary, 1924), and this study shows that further studies are necessary to comprehend the taxonomy of Hottentotta from this region and whether color is a valid tool in the species diagnosis.

Abstract:
The medically important scorpion genus Hottentotta Birula, 1908 has long been a taxonomical challenge. This species-rich scorpion genus contains three lineages spread over most of Africa and part of Asia. The Maghrebian Hottentotta was historically recognised as a single species, H. franzwerneri (Birula, 1914), divided in two subspecies with disjunct distributions. A recent morphological study raised both Maghreb subspecies to species level, H. franzwerneri and H. gentili (Pallary, 1924). In this study we assess the phylogenetic relationships between specimens of the genus Hottentotta from Morocco using cytochrome oxidase 1 (CO1) mitochondrial DNA sequences. Our finding of H. gentili in the eastern portion of Morocco increases the known range of this taxon and significantly reduces the geographic distance that separates it from H. franzwerneri. Furthermore, we found four well supported clades in the Maghrebian Hottentotta. All H. franzwerneri specimens group in the franzwerneri clade, but H. gentili specimens group in three different clades. The Ziz valley clade form a sister group to the franzwerneri clade, specimens from the core range of H. gentili group in the central clade, while specimens from the southern distribution of the species group in the Low Draa valley clade, basal in our tree. These findings challenge current Hottentotta taxonomy because they imply paraphyly of H. gentili, although mitochondrial introgression cannot be excluded. Further studies are needed to fully comprehend the taxonomy of Hottentotta from this region and the role that colour characters play in scorpion species diagnoses.

Reference:
Sousa P, Froufe E, Harris DJ, Alves PC, van der Meijden A. Genetic diversity of Maghrebian Hottentotta (Scorpiones: Buthidae) scorpions based on CO1: new insight on the genus phylogeny and distribution. Afr Invertebr. 2011;52(1):135-43. [Free fulltext?]

Thanks to Dr. Sousa for sending me this article!

Family Buthidae

2011-07-26T13:04:00.003+02:00

In memory of the victims of the Oslo bombing and Utøya shooting massacre Friday 22.07.11.

A new species of Hemiscorpius from Somalia

2011-07-26T12:45:00.005+02:00

The medical important genus Hemiscorpius Peters, 1861 (Hemiscorpiidae) is mostly known (and infamous) from the Middle East, but this genus is also represented in East Africa. Wilson Lourenco has now described a new species in the genus from Somalia.

Hemiscorpius somalicus Lourenco, 2011

Abstract:
New considerations are proposed about the species of Hemiscorpius Peters, 1861 reported from East Africa. Hemiscorpius tellinii Borelli, 1904 is accepted as a valid species, distinct from Hemiscorpius socotranus Pocock, 1899. This last species most certainly represents an endemic element to the Island of Socotra and its presence in Somalia requires further investigation. One new species, Hemiscorpius somalicus sp. n., is described from the region of Meleden in northeast Somalia. The total number of species in the genus Hemiscorpius is now raised to 12.

Reference:
Lourenco WR. The genus Hemiscorpius Peters, 1861 (Scorpiones: Hemiscorpiidae) in East Africa, and description of a new species from Somalia. Entomol Mitt Zool Mus Hamburg. 2011;15(185):275-85.

Thanks to Professor Lourenco for sending me this paper!

Family Hemiscorpiidae

A new species in Guyanochactas from French Guyana

2011-07-26T09:55:00.004+02:00

Lourenco & Ythier have recently described a new species in the genus Guyanochactas Lourenco, 1998 (Chactidae) from French Guyana.

Guyanochactas flavus Lourenco & Ythier, 2011

The genus Guyanochactas was synonymized with Broteochactas by Soleglad & Fet, 2003, 2005. Lourenço & Ythier (2011) have chosen not to accept this synonymization, and described the new species in Guyanochactas. The taxonomy of The Scorpion Files follows Soleglad & Fet (2005), but it is impossible for me to know where to put the new species. I have chosen to reinstate Guyanochactas with its original species in The Scorpion Files based on Lourenço & Ythier (2011) until a new revision on the family Chactidae is published.

Abstract:
A new species of scorpion belonging to the genus Guyanochactas Lourenço, 1998 (family Chactidae Pocock, 1893), is described on the basis of three specimens collected in French Guiana. The new species is characterized by reddish-yellow to pale yellow coloration and moderate to small size, 35 to 38 mm in total length. This is the second species of the genus Guyanochactas reported from French Guiana.

Reference:
Lourenco WR, Ythier E. A new species of Guyanochactas Lourenco, 1998 (Scorpiones, Chactidae) from French Guyana. Boletin de la SEA. 2011(48):203-6.

Thanks to Professor Lourenco for sending me this paper!

Family Chactidae

A New Scorpions of the World book review

2011-07-25T10:52:00.004+02:00

I have previously blogged about the great book "Scorpions of the World" authored by Roland Stockmann and my friend Eric Ythier that was published in 2010. Matthew Graham has now published a thorough review of the book in The Journal of Arachnology. The review is freely available for all.

I agree with Graham that this book belongs in the bookshelf of every serious scorpion enthusiast!

Reference:
Graham MR. Book Review - Scorpions of the World. J Arachnol. 2011;39(1):166-7. [Free fultext]

Review of Mesobuthus in China with a new species

2011-07-25T10:09:00.002+02:00

The scorpion fauna of China is under investigation and Sun & Sun have now published a review of Chinese Mesobuthus with the discovery of a new species.

Mesobuthus karshius Sun & Sun, 2011 (Buthidae)

The paper presents an identification key for Chinese Mesobuthus.

Abstract:
Mesobuthus karshius new species from the southern region of Xinjiang, China, is described. Nine species and subspecies of the genus Mesobuthus Vachon 1950 from China are recorded, and diagnoses of M. eupeus mongolicus (Birula 1911), M. eupeus thersites (C.L. Koch 1839) and M. martensii martensii (Karsch 1879) are provided. In addition, M. caucasicus przewalskii (Birula 1897), M. caucasicus intermedius (Birula 1897), M. eupeus mongolicus (Birula 1911), M. karshius sp. nov. and M. martensii martensii (Karsch 1879) are illustrated, and a key to the Chinese Mesobuthus is also provided.

Reference:
Sun D, Sun Z-N. Notes on the genus Mesobuthus (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in China, with description of a new species. J Arachnol. 2011;39(1):59-75. [Subscription required for fulltext]

Family Buthidae

Surprise! - A new Buthus species from Cyprus

2011-07-19T16:00:00.004+02:00

It has been rumored for some time, but now it has finally become published. Yagmur, Koc and Lourenco has discovered a second species on Cyprus in addition to Mesobuthus cyprius. And the new species belongs to Buthus and not Mesobuthus.

Buthus kunti Yagmur, Koc & Lourenco, 2011 (Buthidae)

Based on the inquires I've gotten from peoples finding scorpions in their houses in Cyprus, scorpions are quite common (but not often seen by peoples), at least in southern parts. These have probably been M. cyprius, as the new species has so far only been reported from northern Cyprus. It will be interesting to know how widespread the new species is.

Interestingly, Cyprus is the only area were members of Buthus and Mesobuthus have been found together.

Abstract:
During the last decade, several contributions to the genus Buthus Leach, 1815 (family Buthidae) and especially to the ‘Buthus occitanus’ species complex were proposed. These contributions led to the definition of several species, previously considered only as subspecies or varieties, and also to the description of new species. In the present study, the questionable presence of the genus Buthus in the Cyprus is rediscussed and a new species Buthus kunti sp. n. is described.

Reference:
Yagmur EA, Koc H, Lourenco WR. A new species of Buthus Leach, 1815 from Cyprus (Scorpiones, Buthidae). ZooKeys. 2011;115:27-38. [Free fulltext]

Thanks to Ersen Yagmur and Gerard Dupre for sending me this paper!

Family Buthidae

A new Centruroides from Mexico

2011-06-30T22:05:00.002+02:00

Ponce-Saavedra and Francke recently published a new Centruroides (Buthidae) from Mexico.

Centruroides macota Ponce-Saavedra & Francke, 2011

Reference:
Ponce-Saavedra J, Francke OF. Nueva especie de alacran del genero Centruroides (Scorpiones, Buthidae) del estado de Jalisco, Mexico. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad. 2011;82:465-74.8Free fultext]

Thanks to Oscar Francke for sending med this paper!

Family Buthidae

How do the scorpion pectines work?

2011-06-14T10:10:00.002+02:00

Elisabeth Knowlton and Douglas Gaffin have recently published a paper looking into how the thousands of peg sensilla that cover the pectines work.

Abstract:
All scorpions have two mid-ventral organs called pectines. Each pecten has thousands of pore-tipped sensilla sensitive to a variety of volatile organic and waterbased stimulants. However, it was previously unknown whether individual sensilla were functionally identical or different. The information enhancement hypothesis predicts that all sensilla have similar chemosensitivities such that each is a unit of a parallel processing system. The information segmentation hypothesis states that sensilla differ in their chemosensitivities, a functional arrangement akin to the glomeruli-specific chemical detection system in the moth or human olfactory sense. In this study, we tested these hypotheses by extracellularly tip-recording sensillar responses to three aqueous tastants: 0.01 M KCl, 0.1 M citric acid, and 40% ethanol by volume. We isolated stimulation to one sensillum at a time and compared the chemoresponses. Sensilla appeared to respond similarly to the same stimulant (i.e., sensillar tip-recordings revealed activity of the same cell types), although sometimes a few sensilla responded with higher spike rates than the others. We conclude that our data primarily support the information enhancement hypothesis but for future tests of sensillar function we suggest a new hybrid model, which proposes that a few specialized sensilla exist among a mostly uniform field of identical sensilla.

Reference:
Knowlton ED, Gaffin DD. Functionally redundant peg sensilla on the scorpion pecten. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol. 2011 Jun 7.doi: 10.1007/s00359-011-0650-9. [Subscription required for fulltext]

A review of scorpion reproductive strategies

2011-06-08T09:02:00.003+02:00

Michael Warburg has recently published an interesting review on scorpion reproductive strategies. In addition to reviewing the existing knowledge on this topic, he also makes suggestions about future research on this topic.

Abstract:
Most scorpion species are iteroparous, breeding more than once during their life. Some of these species are parthenogenetic. The other reproductive strategy (RS) semelparity, when scorpions breed only a single time during their life, is rare and has been documented only once. The mass allocated by the female to produce either a litter or a single offspring is the reproductive allocation (RA). It is difficult to calculate RA since the difference in female mass before and after parturition is difficult to obtain. In addition, the litter size is hardly ever accurate because of maternal cannibalism. An attempt was made to calculate RA in Nebo hierichonticus (E. Simon, 1872). Based on litter size, on breeding frequency and on longevity of the female, it is possible to estimate the reproductive potential (RP). These aspects of scorpion reproduction are reviewed and the difficulties involved in this study are discussed.

Reference:
Warburg MR. Scorpion reproductive strategies, allocation and potential; A partial review. European Journal of Entomology. 2011;108(2):173-81. [Free fulltext]

A redescription of Tityus atriventer

2011-06-07T10:48:00.004+02:00

Rolando Teruel and Frantisek Kovarik have published an article with a redescription of Tityus atriventer Pocock, 1897 (Buthidae) from the Caribbean.

Abstract:
The largely neglected Lesser Antillean scorpion Tityus atriventer Pocock, 1897 is herein redescribed, after study of the two syntypes and one additional adult male. The latter was recently collected from Union Island (about 55 km northeast of Grenada), and it implies the first published finding of this species after its original description, and the first record of the species both outside the type-locality and from the Grenadines islands. The taxonomic position of T. atriventer is clarified (including designation of a lectotype and a paralectotype), its diagnosis is updated, a fully illustrated redescription is presented according to the current taxonomy of the genus, and a comparison to its morphologically closest relatives is also provided.

Reference:
Teruel R, Kovarik F. Redescription and taxonomic position of Tityus atriventer Pocock, 1897 (Scorpiones: Buthidae). Euscorpius. 2011(115):1-9. [Free fultext]

Family Buthidae

A review of Colombian Ananteris with two new species

2011-06-03T10:49:00.002+02:00

Ricardo Botero-Trujillo and Eduardo Florez D have published a review on the Colombian Ananteris (Buthidae). Two new species are described:

Ananteris ochoai Botero-Trujillo & Florez D, 2011
Ananteris solimariae Botero-Trujillo & Florez D, 2011

In addition, Ananteris hasshy Teruel & Roncallo, 2008 is synonymized with A. columbiana, 1991. See abstract for further details.

Abstract:
Some contributions to the knowledge of the buthid scorpion genus Ananteris Thorell, 1891 in Colombia are herein presented, based upon the examination of over 100 specimens. Ananteris ochoai sp. nov. and Ananteris solimariae sp. nov. are described from Nariño and Santander departments, respectively. The recently described Ananteris hasshy Teruel & Roncallo, 2008 is synonymized under Ananteris columbiana Lourenço, 1991 based on several evidences from morphology. The males of Ananteris dorae Botero-Trujillo, 2008, Ananteris ehrlichi Lourenço, 1994 and Ananteris myriamae Botero- Trujillo, 2007, and the female of Ananteris arcadioi Botero-Trujillo, 2008 are described for the first time. Ananteris meridana González Sponga, 2006 is reported for the first time for Colombia and the genus Ananteris for the departments of Cundinamarca, Santander and Norte de Santander. Likewise, new locality records are given for A. arcadioi, A. dorae and A. myriamae. Revised diagnoses and data on intraspecific variability are provided for A. arcadioi, A. columbiana, A. dorae, A. ehrlichi, A. meridana and A. myriamae. Hemispermatophore morphology is described for the first time for A. arcadioi, A. columbiana, A. dorae, A. ehrlichi, A. meridana, A. myriamae, A. ochoai sp. nov. and A. solimariae sp. nov., providing evidence of this structure’s taxonomic usefulness and revealing a paramount need to describe it in further taxonomic works on Ananteris. Some notes on the use of the fixed finger trichobothria for the definition of Ananteris species are provided. A distribution map plotting the known locality records of the thirteen Colombian species of Ananteris and a key to their identification are also included. Finally, the name ‘Ananteris antioquensis’, used by Otero et al. (2004) but never published, is herein deemed a nomen nudum

Reference:
Botero-Trujillo R, Florez D E. A revisionary approach of Colombian Ananteris (Scorpiones, Buthidae): two new species, a new synonymy, and notes on the value of trichobothria and hemispermatophore for the taxonomy of the group. Zootaxa. 2011(2904):1-44. [Subscription required for fulltext].

Thanks to Ricardo Botero-Trujillo for sending me this paper!

Family Buthidae

Reproduction in Chiromachus ochropus from Seychelles

2011-05-31T14:46:00.003+02:00

There are too many scorpion species that we do not know anything about when it comes to their biology. because of this it is interesting to read the new paper from Lourenco, Leguin & Cloudsley-Thompson on the embryonic and post-embryonic development of Chiromachus ochropus (C. L. Koch, 1837) (Hemiscorpiidae) from Fregate Island, Seychelles.

Interestingly, this species can grow up to 120 mm i total length.

Abstract:
Observations have been made since the end of the 1990s on living scorpions of the species Chiromachus ochropus (C. L. Koch, 1837). These were collected by British biologists, on a field trip to Fregate Island, Seychelles. The total duration of embryonic development averaged 25 months. The moults necessary to reach the various juvenile instars and adulthood took place at average ages of 10, 242, 596, 925, 1763, 2310, 2661, 2957, 3313 and 3773 days. These developmental periods are remarkable longer than those previously observed in any other species of scorpions. Eleven instars were observed among the specimens that had been reared in captivity. This is unique among scorpions. Morphometric growth values of the different instars are significantly inferior to those in other species studied. A significantly larger size was observed in some of the females collected in the field, suggesting the occasional existence of at least one extra instar.

Reference:
Lourenco WR, Leguin E-A, Cloudsley Thompson JL. The embryonic and postembryonic developments of Chiromachus ochropus (C. L. Koch, 1837) (Scorpiones, Liochelidae) from Fregate Island, Seychelles. Entomol Mitt Zool Mus Hamburg. 2011;15(184):213-22.

Thanks to Wilson Lourenco and Gerard Dupre for sending me this paper!

Family Hemiscorpiidae

Scorpion Envenomations in Mali

2011-05-27T09:49:00.002+02:00

The knowledge about scorpion envenomations and species of medical importance in North-Africa and Southern Africa is quite good. Less is known about the status of scorpionism in Central (Sub-Saharan) Africa.

Dabo and co-workers have now published an article on scorpion envenoming in the North of Mali, increasing our knowledge on scorpions impact on health in this area. Leiurus quinquestriatus and Androctonus amoreuxi are mentioned as species involved in sting incidents, but unfortunately the involved species is unknown in 93% of the cases.

Abstract:
Scorpion envenomation remains a poorly known problem in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly in Mali, where the incidence is high in Northern area of the country (Sahara desert). We conducted a prospective study in two district health centers, Kidal and Tessalit (Northeast of Mali), to describe the epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic features of scorpion stings. This study consisted of an exhaustive follow-up from admission to discharge of all patients stung by scorpions. Of a total of 282 cases recorded during one year, 207 (73.4%) occurred in Kidal, and the remaining 75 (26.6%) took place in Tessalit. The annual incidence was significantly higher in Tessalit (437 cases/100 000 population/year) than in Kidal (243 cases/100,000 population/year) (p < 10-6). Two hundred two (71.6%) stings occurred inside human dwellings, 142 (50.4%) during sleeping/resting, especially in August. One hundred ninety-one (67.7%) were on the lower extremities. Nocturnal stings, 168 (59.6%), occurred more often than diurnal stings, 114 (40.4%). Most patients, 163 (57.8%), were admitted less than 1 h after being stung. Local pain at the sting site was the common primary complaint. However, moderate and severe clinical signs were significantly higher in children than in adults (p < 0.05). The death rate (3.9%) was higher in children (3.5%) than in adults (0.3%) (p ¼ 8.10-6; RR ¼ 0.90 [IC: 0.84–0.06]). Of the 22 scorpion species identified, 13 (59.1%) were Leiurus quinquestriiatus, 8 (36.4%) were Androctonus amoreuxi, and 1 (4.5%) specimen was Buthiscus bicalcaratus. From these species, L. quinquestriiatus and A. amoreuxi were responsible of stings. The medical treatment was only symptomatic, and one hundred twenty-eight (45.3%) patients received traditional remedies before seeking medical attention. Our findings suggest that scorpion stings are common in the north of Mali and are a significant threat to human health.

Reference:
Dabo A, Golou G, Traoré MS, Diarra N, Goyffon M, Doumbo O. Scorpion envenoming in the North of Mali (West Africa): Epidemiological, Clinical and Therapeutic aspects. Toxicon. 2011;In Press. DOI: . 10.1016/j.toxicon.2011.05.004 .Subscription required for fulltext]

Five new anatomy picture collections in The Scorpion Files

2011-05-24T10:30:00.003+02:00

Leonard Georg is still using his camera on new species and has made five new, detailed anatomy pictures collections of the following species:

Androctonus amoreuxi
Lychas scutilus
Parabuthus liosoma
Parabuthus villosus (black form)

Belisarius xambeui

A big thanks to Leonard for sharing these great pictures with us!!

What's the best treatment for scorpion stings

2011-05-20T10:53:00.003+02:00

Scorpion envenomations are usually treated either by scorpion antivenin or by symptomatic treatment. There have always been a discussion on which methods is best and different studies have been inconclusive.

Fekri Abroug and co-workers have now published a meta-analysis of controlled studies on the use of antivenins in severe scorpion envenomations. Their conclusion is that there is a difference between world regions on how effective antivenins are: The effect in Old World scorpions is not proven and they do not reccoment the use of antivenins until proper RCT studies have proven their efficacy. On the contrary, studies have shown that scorpion antivenin hastens the recovery of patients stung by scorpions in Arizona.

Abstract:
Background Despite conflicting evidence, specific serotherapy is recommended for scorpion envenomation. Methods A meta-analysis of prospective or observational controlled studies, comparing intravenous scorpion antivenin (SAV) with control, was performed. Binary outcomes are reported as risk difference for clinical improvement and mortality rates. Analysis was performed both for the whole number of included studies and for two subgroups (set up according to the geographic origin of scorpions). Results Nine studies (four randomised controlled trials (RCTs), five observational) enrolling 687 patients were identified. Six dealt with Old World scorpions and three originated from Arizona. Overall, the rate of clinical improvement was similar in SAV treated and untreated patients (risk difference¼0.22, 95% CI -0.35 to 0.79; p¼0.45 for effect). Subgroup analysis showed favourable effects of SAV in the Arizona scorpion envenomation (risk difference¼0.53; 95% CI 0.16 to 0.91; p<0.001), and non-significant unfavourable effects in Old World scorpion envenomation (risk difference¼-0.05; 95% CI -0.28 to 0.18; p¼0.65; p¼0.003 for z-value, indicating a true heterogeneity of treatment effects). In Old World scorpion envenomation, there was no statistical difference in the risk of death in SAV treated and untreated scorpion envenomated patients (risk difference¼0.007, 95% CI -0.02 to 0.03; p¼0.6 for effect). Overall, administration of scorpion antivenin was associated with a reduction by 13 h in the mean time of symptom resolution (95% CI -17 to -9; p<0.0001). Serious adverse events were reported at a rate of 1e2% while minor adverse events occurred in up to 40% of patients. Conclusions SAV should not be administered in Old World scorpion envenomation until its efficacy is established by an appropriately designed RCT. In the Arizona scorpion sting, SAV hastens the recovery process.

Reference:
Abroug F, Ouanes-Besbes L, Ouanes I, Dachraoui F, Hassen MF, Haguiga H, et al. Meta-analysis of controlled studies on immunotherapy in severe scorpion envenomation. Emerg Med J. 2011 May 11. [Subscription required for fulltext]

Yet another Vaejovis from USA

2011-05-06T10:11:00.002+02:00

Richard Ayrey and Michael Soleglad have published a new species of Vaejovis (Vaejovidae) from Arizona, USA.

Vaejovis crumpi Ayrey & Soleglad, 2011

Abstract:
A new scorpion species, Vaejovis crumpi, sp. nov., is described from Prescott, Yavapai Co., Arizona. This species is related to V. paysonensis Soleglad, 1973, and the “sky island” species of southern Arizona. V. crumpi is compared to the seven Vaejovis species currently reported for Arizona, in particular to V. paysonensis.

Reference:
Ayrey RF, Soleglad ME. A new species of Vaejovis from Prescott, Arizona (Scorpiones: Vaejovidae). Euscorpius. 2011(114):1-15. [Free fulltext]

Family Vaejovidae

A new Vaejovis from USA

2011-04-26T09:37:00.004+02:00

David Sissom has published a new Vaejovis (Vaejovidae) from new Mexico, USA:

Vaejovis bigelowi Sissom, 2011

Abstract:
Vaejovis bigelowi, a new species of the scorpion family Vaejovidae, is described from the northern portion of the Peloncillo Mountains in southwestern New Mexico. The new species is most closely related to V. jonesi Stahnke, 1940 from which it may be distinguished by morphometries and carination of the metasoma.

Reference:
Sissom WD. A new species of the genus Vaejovis from Southwestern New Mexico (Arachnida: Scorpiones: Vaejovidae). Southwestern Entomologist. 2011;36(1):85-90.

Thanks to David Sissom, Kari McWest and Michael Soleglad for all sending me this paper!

Family Vaejovidae

A new Butheoloides species from Morocco

2011-04-06T15:01:00.002+02:00

Wilson Lourenco and co-workers have described a new species of Butheoloides Hirst, 1925 (Buthidae) from Morocco.

Butheoloides littoralis Lourenco, Touloun & Boumezzough, 2011

Abstract:
A new species belonging to the genus Butheoloides Hirst, 1925 (subgenus Butheoloides Hirst, 1925) (Scorpiones, Buthidae) is described from two localities in Morocco: north of Sidi Ifni in the southern coast and Sidi Moussa west of Tiznit. With the description of Butheoloides (Butheoloides) littoralis sp. n., the total number of species of this genus known from Morocco is raised to five. This makes Morocco the region in Africa with the highest diversity for Butheoloides species.

Reference:
Lourenco WR, Touloun O, Boumezzough A. The genus Butheoloides Hirst, 1925 (Scorpiones, Buthidae) in Morocco, with a descritpion of a new species. Euscorpius. 2011(113):1-7. [Free fulltext]

Family Buthidae

Nine new anatomy picture collections in SF

2011-04-05T12:52:00.002+02:00

Leonard Georg has done it again and contributed with several new detailed anatomy pictures collections to The scorpion Files:

Androctonus crassicauda
Androctonus mauritanicus
Hottentotta salei
Rhopalurus junceus
Rhopalurus pintoi
Uroplectes olivaceus

Optistophthalmus carinatus
Opistophthalmus wahlbergii
Scorpio maurus fuscus

A big thanks to Leonard for sharing these great pictures with us!!

A new Chaerilus fra Vietnam

2011-04-01T10:42:00.002+02:00

Wilson Lourenco has described a new species in the genus Chaerilus Simon, 1877 (Chaerilidae) from Vietnam.

Chaerilus julietteae Lourenco, 2011

The article also suggest a species group division of the genus into the variegatus species-group and the truncatus species-group.

Abstract:
Chaerilus julietteae sp.n.is described from a coastal massif of southernVietnam. The new species is totally distinct morphologically from Chaerilus petrzelkai Kovarik, also described from the SouthVietnam: it shows more affinities with Chaerilus pictus (Pocock,1890), described from Bangladesh. An attempt to divide the genus Chaerilus into species-groups is also proposed.

Reference:
Lourenço WR. The genus Chaerilus Simon, 1877 (Scorpiones, Chaerilidae) in Vietnam; description of a new species with comments on possible species-groups. Comptes Rendus Biologies. 2011;In Press. [Subscritpion required for fulltext]

Family Chaerilidae

Odontobuthus doriae venom as cancer medicine

2011-03-25T08:51:00.004+01:00

Scorpions have been used in traditional medicine since ancient times, and in the last decade there have been a lot of research into scorpion venom to find potential agents to be used in medicine and treatment of serious diseases like cancer. Chlorotoxin from the venom of Leiurus quinquestriatus is one example of a very promising agent in the fight against serious brain cancer.

Jamil Zargan and co-workers have now showed that the venom of Odontobuthus doriae (Thorell, 1876) (Buthidae) induced apoptosis (programmed cell death) and inhibits DNA synthesis (inhibit cell growth and cell proliferation) in human neuroblastoma cells (Wikipedia on neuroblastoma). More investigations of the venom of this species are of course necessary, but the properties shown by the venom in this study will make it a valuable therapeutic agent in cancer research.

Abstract:
Scorpion and its organs have been used to cure epilepsy, rheumatism, and male impotency since medieval times. Scorpion venom which contains different compounds like enzyme and non-enzyme proteins, ions, free amino acids, and other organic inorganic substances have been reported to posses antiproliferative, cytotoxic, apoptogenic, and immunosuppressive properties. We for the first time report the apoptotic and antiproliferative effects of scorpion venom (Odontobuthus doriae) in human neuroblastoma cells. After exposure of cells to medium containing varying concentrations of venom (10, 25, 50, 100, and 200 lg/ml), cell viability decreased to 90.75, 75.53, 55.52, 37.85, and 14.30%, respectively, after 24 h. Cells expressed morphological changes like swelling, inhibition of neurite outgrowth, irregular shape, aggregation, rupture of membrane, and release of cytosolic contents after treatment with venom. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level increased in 50 and 100 lg/ml as compared to control, but there was no significant increase in LDH level at a dose of 10 and 20 lg/ml. Two concentrations viz. 50 and 100 lg/ml were selected because of the profound effect of these concentrations on the cellular health and population. Treatment with these two concentrations induced reactive nitrogen intermediates and depolarization in mitochondria. While caspase-3 activity increased in a concentrationdependent manner, only 50 lg/ml was able to fragment DNA. It was interesting to note that at higher dose, i.e., 100 lg/ml, the cells were killed, supposedly by acute necrosis. DNA synthesis evidenced by bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation was inhibited in a concentrationdependent manner. The cells without treatment incorporated BrdU with high affinity confirming their cancerous nature whereas very less incorporation was noticed in treated cells. Our results show apoptotic and antiproliferative potential of scorpion venom (O. doriae) in human neuroblastoma cells. These properties make scorpion venom a valuable therapeutic agent in cancer research.

Reference:
Zargan J, Sajad M, Umar S, Naime M, Ali S, Khan HA. Scorpion (Odontobuthus doriae) venom induces apoptosis and inhibits DNA synthesis in human neuroblastoma cells. Mol Cell Biochem. 2011 Feb;348(1-2):173-81. [Subscription required for fulltext]

A new Auyantepuia from Surinam

2011-03-22T09:19:00.003+01:00

Wilson Lourenco has described a new species in the genus Auyantepuia Gonzalez-Sponga, 1978 (Chactidae) from Surinam last year, but didn't I learn about this paper until today.

Auyantepuia surinamensis Lourenco, 2010

The genus Auyantepuia has been synonymized with other genera by Soleglad & Fet, 2005. Lourenço & Qi (2007) have chosen not to accept this synonymization, and described the new species in Auyantepuia in 2007. The taxonomy of The Scorpion Files follows Soleglad & Fet (2005), but it is impossible for me to know where to put the new species. I have chosen to reinstate Auyantepuia in The Scorpion Files for this species and the one presented here until a new revision on the family Chactidae is published.

Abstract:
A new species, Auyantepuia surinamensis sp. n. (Chactidae), is described from a savannah-like formation, located in NW Albina, between Albina and Moengo in Marowijne, Suriname. The description of the new species confirms the pattern of distribution presented by the genus Auyantepuia, which is basically confined to the Guiano-Amazon regions. The new species represents a first ecological exception, because it was found in a savannah-like formation, whereas all other species have been described from forested formations.

Reference:
Lourenco WR, Duhem B. A new species of Auyantepuia Gonzalez-Sponga, 1978 (Scorpiones, Chactidae) from Suriname. Entomol Mitt Zool Mus Hamburg. 2010 Jun;15(182):137-45.

Family Chactidae

A new Compsobuthus from Algeria

2011-03-22T09:03:00.002+01:00

Wilson Lourenco described a new species of Compsobuthus Vachon, 1949 (Buthidae) from Algeria last year, but i didn't learn about this one until today.

Compsobuthus tassili Lourenco, 2010

Abstract:
The Compsobuthus species previously recorded from 'Tassili des Ajjer' in the South of Algeria by Vachon (as Compsobuthus berlandi Vachon, 1950), is now confirmed as a new species. The description is based on one adult male recently collected in the mountains of 'Tassili des Ajjer', and on one of the three specimens previously cited from this region by Vachon as C. berlandi. The new species is presumably endemic to 'Tassili des Ajjer'.

Reference:
Lourenco WR. The Compsobuthus species from 'Tassili des Ajjer', Algeria (Scorpiones, Buthidae) and description of a new species. Entomol Mitt Zool Mus Hamburg. 2010 Jun;15(182):147-55.

Family Buthidae

Sting use, risk assessment and control of venom used in Parabuthus transvaalicus

2011-03-18T09:02:00.005+01:00

One of the conclusions from my master thesis many years ago was that sting use is probably costly for scorpions and because of this they will only use their stinger if the prey is large and/or the prey resists capture. My study was based on an assumption that use of venom in scorpions was costly and also that scorpions were able to control both the use of the stinger and of the venom. And now it seems that my assumptions were correct :)

Since then, it has been showed that venom use is costly, both in terms of metabolic and ecological costs (Nisani et al, 2007; Nisani, 2008). It has also been demonstrated that some scorpions have two types of venom with different composition (and different "production costs") (Inceoglu et al., 2003).

Now Zia Nisani and Wlliam Hayes have shown that Parabuthus transvaalicus Purcell, 1899 (Buthidae) are able to regulate venom use at three levels:

They can choose between a dry and a wet sting (use of venom).
When using when om they can control the volum of venom expended, delivering more venom under hight threat and less volum under low threat conditions.
They can vary the composition of the venom injected, either using "cheap" prevenom or the more potent protein rich venom.

All of the above results support the hypothesis that scorpions display a venom optimization strategy by regulating venom expenditure based on the level of perceived threat.

This is a great paper that I reccomend to all that are interested in scorpion behavior and scorpion's adaption to their environment!

Abstract:
Venom is a metabolically expensive commodity that animals should use judiciously. The venommetering hypothesis proposes that venomous animals control, or meter, the quantity of venom they deploy during predatory or defensive situations.We sought to clarify experimentally whether the buthid scorpion Parabuthus transvaalicus can regulate defensive venom expenditure based on perceived risk. Scorpions were tested under two threat conditions by inducing them to sting repeatedly a parafilmcovered cup. The high-threat condition involved five sting presentations at 5 s intervals, and the lowthreat condition comprised five sting presentations at 5 min intervals. Venom metering appeared to be modulated at three levels: wet versus dry sting, composition of venom injected and volume of venom delivered. Scorpions delivered dry stings more often under the low-threat condition, but in both conditions were more likely to employ wet stings as the threat persisted. Venom appearance changed during successive stings from clear (potassium-rich ‘prevenom’), to opalescent, to milky (protein-rich ‘venom’), with biochemical analyses (protein assay and MALDI-TOF) confirming the compositional changes. However, progression through this sequence depended on quantity of venom expended, with milky secretion appearing only after the limited quantity of clear secretion was exhausted (i.e. composition and volume covaried). Scorpions injected approximately two-fold more venom per sting during the high-threat compared to the low-threat condition, with milky venom appearing more quickly within the sequence of five stings for the high-threat condition. Thus, these scorpions perceive risk and regulate venom expenditure during stinging according to level of threat, providing further support for the venommetering hypothesis.

Reference:
Nisani Z, Hayes WK. Defensive stinging by Parabuthus transvaalicus scorpions: risk assessment and venom metering. Anim Behav. 2011;81(3):627-33. [Subscription required for fulltext]

Other references mentioned:
Inceoglu B, Lango J, Jing J, Chen L, Doymaz F, Pessah IN, et al. One scorpion, two venoms: Prevenom of Parabuthus transvaalicus acts as an alternative type of venom with distinct mechanism of action. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003;100(3):922-7.

Nisani Z, Dunbar SG, Hayes WK. Cost of venom regeneration in Parabuthus transvaalicus (Arachnida: Buthidae). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol. 2007 Jun;147(2):509-13.

Nisani Z. Behavioral and physiological ecology of scorpion venom expenditure: stinging, spraying, and venom regeneration: Loma Linda University; 2008 (Ph.D. thesis).

Three new anatomy picture collections in SF

2011-03-16T15:17:00.002+01:00

Leonard Georg has put together some great anatomy pictures of three species and has shared these pictures with The Scorpion Files:

Hottentotta trilineatus

Isometrus maculatus

Chaerilus celebensis

A big thanks to Leonard for this contribution to The Scorpion Files!

Life cycle of Hadrurus gertschi from Mexico

2011-03-16T08:49:00.003+01:00

Ana Quijano-Ravell and co-workers have now published a study on the life cycle of Hadrurus gertschi Soleglad, 1976 (Caraboctonidae)*

[*This species was transfered to Hoffmannihadrurus by Fet & Soleglad i 2008 and this species is listed as Hoffmannihadrurus gertschi (Soleglad, 1976) in The Scorpion Files. Some scientists disagree on the validity of Hoffmannihadurus, as this paper is an example of. Also, some scientists choose to put Hadrurus in Iuridae and reject the validity of Caraboctonidae. See details here.]

Abstract:
The life cycle of Hadrurus gertschi Soleglad 1976 was reconstructed from field data taken during one year of observations in “La Coronilla”, near Ahuehuepan, in Tepecoacuilco de Trujano municipality, Guerrero, Mexico. The species inhabits tropical dry schrub forest in sympatry with three other scorpion species: Centruroides limpidus (Karsch 1879), Vaejovis variegatus Pocock 1898 and Vaejovis atenango Francke and González-Santillán 2007. A growth factor of 1.27 for the carapace length was determined and then used to estimate the morphometric changes between each instar to reach the adult stage and compared them with data obtained in the field. We concluded that this species requires 7 instars and 6 molts, and at least four years to reach adulthood. We also present the phenology of Hadrurus gertschi during one year, measured in relative abundance and surface activity pattern. Matting activity was observed in July, August, September and October.

Reference:
Quijano-Ravell AF, Ponce-Saavedra J, Francke OF. Ciclo de vida de Hadrurus gertschi Soleglad (Scorpiones, Iuridae) en una localidad del Estado de Guerrero, Mexico. Revista Iberica de Arachnologia. 2011;19(133-145).

Thanks to Oscar Francke for sending me this paper!

Family Caraboctonidae

A new Diplocentrus from Mexico

2011-03-10T13:11:00.002+01:00

Carlos Santibanez-Lopez and co-workers have described a new species of Diplocentrus Peters, 1861 (Scorpionidae*) from Mexico:

Diplocentrus longimanus Santibanez-Lopez, Francke & Athanasiadis, 2011

*Some scorpion scientists have retained the family status of Diplocentridae.

Abstract:
Sixteen scorpion species are recorded from the state of Morelos, including three species of the genus Diplocentrus Peters: one species had been previously reported, a second one represents a new state record for the species, and the third one is described as a new species. Diplocentrus longimanus sp. n., from the Sierra de Huautla in southern Morelos, is described based on adults of both sexes and it is clearly differentiated from its most similar relatives. Maps of the known distribution of the three species are provided.

Reference:
Santibanez-Lopez CE, Francke OF, Athanasiadis MC. The genus Diplocentrus Peters (Scorpiones: Diplocentridae) in Morelos, Mexico. Revista Iberica de Arachnologia. 2011;19:3-13.

Thanks to Carlos Santibanez-Lopez for sending me this paper!

Family Scorpionidae

Biology of scorpions from Syria

2011-03-04T08:55:00.004+01:00

There are limited data available about the scorpion fauna of Syria. Awan Shehab and co-workers have recently published a paper on the ecology and biology of scorpions in Palmyra, Syria.

The paper takes an extra look at the population structure of Buthacus tadmorensis (Simon, 1892).

Abstract:
Near Palmyra, in the Syrian Desert, 5 species of scorpions belonging to 2 families (Buthidae and Scorpionidae) were observed; Buthacus tadmorensis, Androctonus crassicauda, Leiurus quinquestriatus, Orthochirus scrobiculosus, and Scorpio maurus palmatus. B. tadmorensis accounted for 80.6% of the total number of recovered or observed scorpions, while O. scrobiculosus was the least common (1.4%). Pitfall traps proved to be more effi cient at sampling (304 individuals) than checking under stones (57 individuals). Pitfall trapping results showed that scorpion abundance differed significantly between the 3 survey areas, while their abundance showed no significant diff erence among the 3 areas when employing the under-stone method. Notes on predation of scorpions (interspecific and intraspecific) and predators of scorpions are also included. Seasonal abundance and emergence of scorpions is described briefly. Biometric data on collected scorpion species indicating their weight are given. Population structure of B. tadmorensis during the study period is analyzed.

Reference:
Shehab AH, Amr ZS, Lindsell JA. Ecology and biology of scorpions in Palmyra, Syria. Turkish Journal of Zoology. 2011;35(3):1-9. [Free fulltext]

Thanks to Gerard Dupre for sending me this paper!

Scorpion news from China

2011-03-01T12:31:00.004+01:00

Zhiyong Di and co-workers have recently published a paper on the scorpion fauna of Yunnan, China. The species occuring here are described and a redescription of the species Euscorpiops kubani Kovarik, 2004 and E. shidian Qi, Zhu & Lourenco, 2005 (Euscorpiidae) is presented.

The paper has a identification key for the scorpions from Yuannan.

Abstract:
We present an identifi cation key to the scorpion species of Yunnan (China) with notes on the distribution and ecology. Euscorpiops kubani is recorded for the first time for China. The redescriptions of Euscorpiops shidian and E. kubani are provided. The number of known scorpion species from Yunnan is raised to nine.

Reference:
Di Z, Yawen H, Wu Y, Cao Z, Liu H, Jiang D, et al. The scorpions of Yunnan (China): updated identification key, new record and redescriptions of Euscorpiops kubani and E. shidian (Arachnida, Scorpiones). ZooKeys. 2011;82:1-33. [free fulltext]

Thanks to Gerard Dupre for sending me this paper!

Additional description of the enigmatic Kraepelinia palpator

2011-02-25T12:52:00.003+01:00

Kraepelinia palpator (Birula, 1903) (Buthidae) is a special and very rare species from Iran. Lourenco & Leguin have now published a paper with scanning electron microscope pictures showing new morphological details on the female of this special scorpion.

Abstract:
A detailed morphological description of an adult female of the enigmatic buthid scorpion, Kraepelinia palpator (Birula, 1903) from Iran, based on scanning electron microscopy studies, is presented

Reference:
Lourenco WR, Leguin E-A. Complements a la morphologie de Kraepelinia palpator (Birula, 1903) (Scorpiones, Buthidae) a l'aide d'une etude au microscope electronique au balayage. Boletin de la SEA. 2010(47):307-10.

Family Buthidae

A new Broteochactas from Brazilian Amazonia

2011-02-25T10:33:00.002+01:00

Wilson Lourenco and co-workers have discovered a new species of Broteochactas Pocock, 1893 (Chactidae) from Brazil:

Broteochactas cauaburi Lourenco, Araujo & Franklin, 2010

Also, the male of Hadrurochactas polisi (Monod & Lourenco, 2001) is described for the first time.

Abstract:
Amazonian scorpions belonging to the family Chactidae Pocock, 1893 are studied. The male of Hadrurochactas polisi (Monod & Lourenço, 2001) is recorded for the first time and a short diagnosis is proposed. A new species is described, Broteochactas cauaburi sp. n., based on a female specimen collected in the upper Rio Negro region in Brazil.

Reference:
Lourenco WR, Araujo J, Franklin E. Further additions to the chactid scorpions of Brazilian Amazonia (Arachnida: Scorpiones: Chactidae). Boletin de la SEA. 2010(47):135-8.

Family Chactidae

Centruroides news from Central America

2011-02-25T10:10:00.005+01:00

Luis de Armas and Rony Trujillo have published a paper looking into some Centruroides (Buthidae) from Central America. A new species is described from Guatemala and Honduras:

Centruroides fallassisimus Armas & Trujillo, 2010 [Name spelling error corrected 26.09.11]

In addition, Centruroides granosus (Thorell, 1876) from Panama is restored to species status.

The paper has an identification key for Centruroides in Guatemala, Honduras and El Salvador.

Abstract:
A new species of the buthid genus Centruroides Marx, 1890 is described from northeastern Guatemala and northwestem Honduras, Central America. lt resembles C. margaritatus (Gervals, 1841), but differs from it by having attenuated pedipalpal chelae and telson, the subaculear tubercle situated in a different position, almost bare pedipalps, having chelae with the dorsal intemal carina moderately granulose. It is suggested that some previous records of C. margaritatus might be misidentifications. A key is provided for the identification of the eight species ot this genus known from Guatemala, Honduras and El Salvador. Also, the Panamanian Centruroldes granosus (Thorell, 1876), comb. nov., is restored as a valid species.

Reference:
de Armas LF, Trujillo RE. Nueva especie de Centruroides Marx, 1890 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) de Guatemala y Honduras, America Central. Boletin de la SEA. 2010(47):235-40.

Family Buthidae

Two new species of Ananteris from Brazil

2011-02-25T09:24:00.003+01:00

Lourenco & Duhem have recently published two new species in the genus Ananteris Thorell, 1891 (Buthidae) from Brazil:

Ananteris madeirensis Lourenco & Duhem, 2010
Ananteris roraima Lourenco & Duhem, 2010

The number of Ananteris species from Brazil is now raised to 19.

Abstract:
Two new species of the genus Ananteris Thorell have been discovered in Brazil. Ananteris roraima sp. n. is described from 6 males and 11 females collected in the region of ‘Ilha de Maraca’, State of Roraima, and Ananteris madeirensis sp. n. from one male callected in the state of Amazonas, Brazil. The number of Ananteris species described from the Amazon region of Brazil is raised to nine, although the region of Roraima is principally covered by savannah-like formations. The number of Ananteris species present in the scorpion fauna of Brazil is now raised to 19.

Reference:
Lourenco WR, duhem B. Further considerations on the genus Ananteris Thorell, 1891 (Scorpiones, Buthidae) in Brazilian Amazonia and description of two new species. Boletin de la SEA. 2010(47):33-8.

Family Buthidae

New papers on two Mexican scorpions

2011-02-10T12:22:00.002+01:00

Two new papers have been published on the distribution and taxonomy of the Mexican species Centruroides tecomanus Hoffmann, 1932 (Buthidae) and Vaejovis pusillus Pocock, 1898 (Vaejovidae).

The papers are written in Spanish and unfortunately lack English abstracts.

References:
Miranda-Lopez EP, Ponce-Saavedra J, Francke OF. Situacion taxonomica y distribucion actual de Vaejovis pusillus Pocock (Scorpiones: Vaejovidae). Ciencia Nicolaita. 2010(52):56-62.

Quijano-Ravell AF, Ponce-Saavedra J, Francke O, Villasenor-Ramos MA. Nuevos registros y distribucion actualizada de Centruroides tecomanus Hoffmann, 1932 (Scorpiones: Buthidae). Ciencia Nicolaita. 2010(52):179-89.

Thanks to Oscar Francke for sending me these papers!

Family Buthidae
Family Vaejovidae

Genetic diversity in Androctonus crassicauda in Turkey

2011-02-04T13:33:00.003+01:00

Ozkan, Ahmet & Zafer have published a paper studying the genetic diversity of Androctonus crassicauda (Olivier, 1807) from Turkey.

Even though they did not find any morphological differences between the animals studied, the studied specimens did divide into two different genetic groups. Even though this didn't lead to any taxonomic conclusions, intraspecific genetic diversity like this might lead to diversity in venom content (and ultimately to differences in symptoms from scorpions sting from the same species).

Abstract:
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has been widely employed in phylogeographic and phylogenetic studies. In the present study, the genetic identification of the scorpion Androctonus crassicauda (Olivier, 1807) was carried out by using the 16S mitochondrial gene, since this scorpion represents the most important species in Turkey regarding scorpionism and antivenom production. Two genetic groups were found according to the sequence analysis results, while five different loci at the nucleotide level presented genetic variation in the 16S region when compared to a known A. crassicauda sequence data (GenBank, AJ277598). Nucleotide variations found in the current work constitute the first descriptive report for A. crassicauda. Moreover, future studies may enlighten the genetic and venom composition variations for this scorpion species.

Reference:
Ozkan O, Ahmet C, Zafer K. A study on the genetic diversity of Androctonus crassicauda (Olivier, 1807; Scorpiones: Buthidae) from Turkey. Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases. 2010;16(4):599-606.

Family Buthidae

A discussion on Hadrurus and a new species

2011-02-03T08:45:00.003+01:00

Michael Soleglad and co-workers have recently published a paper discussing the taxonomy and phylogeny of the Hadrurus "spadix" subgroup (Caraboctonidae). A new species from parts of USA and Mexico is also described:

Hadrurus anzaborrego Soleglad, Fet & Lowe, 2011

Data suggest that Hadrurus obscurus is only a color variant of H. spadix, but more investigations are necessary before a formal deccission can be made.

The paper has an identification key for both Hadrurus and Hoffmannihadurus.

Abstract:
In this study new data are presented on the “spadix” subgroup of genus Hadrurus, including the description of a new species, H. anzaborrego, sp. nov., found primarily in the Anza-Borrego Desert State Park (ABDSP) in southern California, USA. This species is distinguished by its internal trichobothrial pattern of the chela and its unique carapace pattern. The status of Hadrurus obscurus Williams, 1970 is discussed and new locality data for this species are provided. A phylogenetic key to the genera, species, and subspecies of subfamily Hadrurinae is provided.

Reference:
Soleglad ME, Fet V, Lowe G. Contributions to scorpion systematics. IV. Observations on the Hadrurus "spadix" subgroup with a description of a new species (Scorpiones: Caraboctonidae). Euscorpius. 2011(112):1-36. [Free fulltext, but large file (17 mb). The paper divided into smaller files is available on the publishers website)]

Family Caraboctonidae

A new Serradigitus from Arizona, USA

2011-02-02T08:55:00.002+01:00

Richard Ayrey has recently described a new Serradigitus Stahnke, 1974 (Vaejovidae) from southern Arizona (USA):

Serradigitus miscionei Ayrey, 2011

Abstract:
A new scorpion species, Serradigitus miscionei, is described, placed in the genus Serradigitus Stahnke, 1974. These are small reddish-brown scorpions found on vertical surfaces, in the San Pedro River system and other river systems in southern, Arizona.

Reference:
Ayrey RF. Serradigitus miscionei (Scorpiones: Vaejovidae), a new species from southern Arizona. Euscorpius. 2011(111):1-13. [Free fulltext]

Family Vaejovidae

A new Chaerilus from the Andaman Islands

2011-02-01T12:39:00.002+01:00

Wilson Lourenco and co-workers have described a new species of Chaerilus Simon, 1877 (Chaerilidae) from the Andaman Islands (India) in the Indian Ocean:

Chaerilus andamanensis Lourenco, Duhem & Leguin, 2011

Abstract:
A new species is described belonging to the genus Chaerilus Simon, 1877. Chaerilus andamanensis sp. n. was discovered in the Island of Little Andaman in the Indian Ocean. The new species shows affinities with Chaerilus variegatus Simon, 1877 and Chaerilus borneensis Simon, 1880, respectively described from Java and Borneo. This s the first record of the genus Chaerilus in the Andaman Islands.

Reference:
Lourenco WR, Duhem B, Leguin E-A. The genus Chaerilus Simon, 1877 (Scorpiones, Chaerilidae) in the Indian Ocean Islands and description of a new species. Euscorpius. 2011(110):1-8. [Free fultext]

Family Chaerilidae

New paper on Mesobuthus eupeus in Turkey

2011-01-31T08:46:00.003+01:00

The highly polymorphic buthid Mesobuthus eupeus (C. L. Koch, 1839) is a very wide-ranging species in the the Palearctic being found from Turkey to China. It is probable that this species is a species complex hiding several species, but extensive dna-analysis are necessary to be able to investigate this.

Frantisek Kovarik and co-workers have done a thorough analysis of appr. 2000 specimens of the subspecies of Mesobuthus eupeus in Turkey. They conclude that there are two allopatric subspecies of M. eupeus in Turkey.

Mesobuthus eupeus eupeus (C. L. Koch, 1839)
M. euepus phillipsii (Pocock, 1889)

The subspecies Buthus (=Mesobuthus) eupeus philippovitschi Birula, 1905 is synonymized with Mesobuthus eupeus eupeus (C. L. Koch, 1839) and Buthus (=Mesobuthus) euepus mesopotamicus Penther, 1912 is synonymized with M. euepus phillipsii (Pocock, 1889).

An identification key for the Mesobuthus of Turkey is provided.

Abstract:
Examination of 268 specimens of Mesobuthus eupeus eupeus (C. L. Koch, 1839) and 1765 specimens of M. eupeus phillipsii (Pocock, 1889) from 163 localities, 92 of them in Turkey, has enabled us to establish distribution of the two subspecies and limits of their ranges in southeastern Turkey. A map of distribution of these subspecies in Turkey and a key to Turkish Mesobuthus species and subspecies are provided. Buthus eupeus philippovitschi Birula, 1905 is synonymized with Mesobuthus eupeus eupeus, and Buthus eupaeus mesopotamicus Penther, 1912 is synonymized with Mesobuthus eupeus phillipsii.

Reference:
Kovarik F, Yagmur EA, Fet V, Navidpour S. On two subspecies of Mesobuthus eupeus (C. L. Koch, 1839) in Turkey (Scorpiones: Buthidae). Euscorpius. 2011(109):1-15. [Free fulltext]

Thanks to Ersen Yagmur for sending me this paper!

Family Buthidae

Status of Microananteris and a new Ananteris species

2011-01-25T09:13:00.002+01:00

The genus Microananteris Lourenco, 2003 (Buthidae) with its only species M. minor Lourenco, 2003 have had an unclear status and it has been difficult to separate this taxa from Ananteris Thorell, 1891. Botero-Trujillo & Noriega have now conducted an analysis of Microananteris with the following conclusions:

Microananteris Lourenco 2003 is synonymized with Ananteris Thorell, 1891.

Microananteris minor Lourenco, 2003 is now Ananteris minor (Lourenco, 2003) comb. nov.

A new species of Ananteris is described from Brazil:

Ananteris palmari Botero-Trujillo, 2011

Abstract:
The characters originally used to define the monotypic genus Microananteris Lourenço, 2003 are reanalyzed from the point of view of their usefulness to justify its recognition as a genus apart from Ananteris Thorell, 1891. A study of pectinal morphology conducted with Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) in six species of Ananteris, along with the results presented by Lourenço (2003) and other authors, demonstrate that both genera cannot be separated based on the shape of the peg sensillae but demonstrate this character’s (and the presence of seta-like structures) immediate usefulness at the species level instead. Such analysis of the morphological attributes of Microananteris as defined by Lourenço (2003) reveals there is no evidence in support of its validity. Therefore, Microananteris is synonymized with Ananteris and Microananteris minor Lourenço, 2003 transferred to this genus. A new species of Ananteris is also described from the Natural Reserve Palmari in the Brazilian Amazon.

Reference:
Botero-Trujillo R, Noriega JA. On the identity of Microananteris, with a discussion on pectinal morphology, and description of a new Ananteris from Brazil (Scorpiones, Buthidae). Zootaxa. 2011(2747):37-52. [Subscription required for fulltext]

Thanks to Ricardo Botero-Trujillo for sending me this paper!

Family Buthidae

A new species of Compsobuthus from Pakistan

2011-01-19T09:28:00.002+01:00

Kovarik & Ahmed have recently published a new species of Compsobuthus (Buthidae) from Pakistan:

Compsobuthus sindicus Kovarik & Ahmed, 2011

Abstract:
Compsobuthus sindicus sp. n. of the werneri group is described from Pakistan, Sind Province, near the border with India. It is characterized chiefly by densely granulated carapace mesosoma, metasoma, telson, and femur and patella of pedipalps; the first to fourth metasomal segments bear 10 carinae. C. sindicus sp. n. is closest to C. rugosulus (Pocock, 1900) from India and Pakistan, from which it differs chiefly in having the first metasomal segment approximately as wide as long.

Reference:
Kovarik F, Ahmed Z. Compsobuthus sindicus sp. n. from Pakistan (Scorpiones: Buthidae). Euscorpius. 2011(108):1-3. [Free fulltext]

Family Buthidae

A new species of Orthochirus from India

2011-01-19T09:11:00.003+01:00

Amod Zambre and co-workers have recently discovered a new species of Orthochirus (Buthidae) from India:

Orthochirus bastawadei Zambre, Mirza, Sanap, Upadhye & Javed, 2011

The new species may be of medical importance. One of the authors was stung and experienced very strong pain that lasted for several hours.

Abstract:
A new species of scorpions of the genus Orthochirus (Buthidae) is described from Jalna, Maharashtra, India. A key to Indian scorpion of the genus Orthochirus is provided.

Reference:
Zambre AM, Mirza ZA, Sanap RV, Upadhye R, Maqsood Javed SM. A new species of Orthochirus Karsch, 1892 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) from Maharashtra, India. Euscorpius. 2011(107):1-12. [Free fultext]

Family Buthidae

Life cycle data for Opisthacanthus madagascariensis

2010-12-29T12:50:00.002+01:00

Wilson Lourenco and co-workers have recently published a paper with life history data for Opisthacanthus madagascariensis (Hemiscorpiidae) from Madagascar.

Abstract:
Biological observations were made during the 1980s by the senior author on living specimens of Opisthacanthus madagascariensis Kraepelin, 1894. These were collected by French biologists on a field trip in 1980-1981 to the Parc National de Namoroka, Mahajanga Province, Madagascar. The total duration of embryonic development averaged 18 months. The moults necessary to reach the various juvenile instars and adulthood took place at average ages of 13, 101, 204, 327 and 442 days. These developmental periods are significantly longer than those of most medium-sized species of scorpions but are similar to the ones previously observed in other species of the genus Opisthacanthus. Morphometric growth values of the different instars are also similar to those in other known species of Opisthacanthus. A significant allometric growing of pedipalps is observed for some males collected in the field, suggesting the existence of at least one extra instar.

Reference:
Lourenco WR, Leguin E-A, Cloudsley Thompson JL. The life cycle of the Malagasy scorpion Opisthacanthus madagascariensis Kraepelin, 1894 (Liochelidae). Entomol Mitt Zool Mus Hamburg. 2010;15(183):173-82.

Family Hemiscorpiidae

Seasons Greeting

2010-12-23T13:43:00.000+01:00

I wish you all a Merry Christmas and a Peaceful New Year!

Jan Ove Rein
Editor of The Scorpion Files

New Heterometrus from India

2010-12-23T13:42:00.004+01:00

Javed and co-workers has recently described a new Heterometrus (Scorpionidae) from India:

Heterometrus telanganaensis Javed, Mirza, Tampal & Lourenco, 2010

The papers also has some information about the new species' natural history.

Abstract:
A distinctive new species of the genus Heterometrus Ehrenberg, 1828 is described from the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. Heterometrus telanganaensis sp. nov. differs from all Indian species of the genus in being one of the smallest species with a relatively short metasoma.

Reference:
Maqsood Javed SM, Mirza ZA, Tampal F, Lourenco WR. A new species of the genus Heterometrus Ehrenberg, 1828 (Scorpiones: Scorpionidae) from India with notes on its natural history. Boletin de la SEA. 2010(47):143-8.

Thanks to Javed for sending me the paper and sharing the picture with The Scorpion Files!

Family Scorpionidae

Biochemical analysis of Hemiscorpius lepturus venom

2010-12-21T14:50:00.004+01:00

Hemiscorpius lepturus Peters, 1861 (Hemiscorpiidae) is a highly cytotoxic scorpions that has the highest mortality rate among scorpions in Iran. Causing different symptoms than most other scorpions, knowledge about the biochemistry and toxicology of the Hemiscorpius venom is important.

Ramin Seyedian and co-workers have now published an enzymatic analysis of Hemiscorpius lepturus venom that increase the knowledge of the venom composition and how the venom works on the human body. This knowledge is important in the development of better treatment of the sting victims of this dangerous species.

Abstract:
Hemiscorpius lepturus envenomation exhibits various pathological changes in the affected tissues, including skin, blood cells, cardiovascular and central nervous systems. The enzymatic activity and protein component of the venom have not been described previously. In the present study, the electrophoretic profile of H. lepturus venom was determined by SDS-PAGE (12 and 15%), resulting in major protein bands at 3.5–5, 30–35 and 50–60 kDa. The enzymatic activities of the venomwas, for the first time, investigated using various zymography techniques, which showed the gelatinolytic, caseinolytic, and hyaluronidase activities mainly at around 50–60 kDa, 30–40 kDa, and 40–50 kDa, respectively. Among these, the proteolytic activities was almost completely disappeared in the presence of a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor, 1, 10-phenanthroline. Antigen-antibody interactions between the venom and its Iranian antivenin was observed by Western blotting, and it showed several antigenic proteins in the range of 30–160 kDa. This strong antigen– antibody reaction was also demonstrated through an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The gelatinase activity of the venom was suppressed by Razi institute polyvalent antivenin, suggesting the inhibitory effect of the antivenin against H. lepturus venom protease activities. Prudently, more extensive clinical studies are necessary for validation of its use in envenomed patients.

Reference:
Seyedian R, Pipelzadeh MH, Jalali A, Kim E, Lee H, Kang C, et al. Enzymatic analysis of Hemiscorpius lepturus scorpion venom using zymography and venom-specific antivenin. Toxicon. 2010 Sep 15;56(4):521-5. [Subscription required for fulltext]

Thanks to Ramin Seyedian for sending me this paper!